Cell Theory

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Cell Theory

• Three Principles
• All living things are composed of one or more
  cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of organization in
  living organisms.
• All cells come from pre-existing/living cells.
  They pass on genetic information to their
  daughter cells.

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Cell Organelles and Their Functions
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5 Common Features of All Cells

• All Cells (Pro Euk) have 5 Common organelles
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes
• Chromosomal DNA
• Cytoskeleton

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Cell/Plasma Membrane

• Made up of a Phospholipid Bilayer
• Lipids- form a barrier that separates the outside
  of the cell from the inside of the cell
• Gate Keeper of Cell because
• it is Selectively Permeable
• (only allows some things in and out)
• Types of Cells
• Bacterium, Protist, Fungus, Plant,
• and Animal

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Prokaryotic Cells
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• Prokaryotic before a nucleus" 
• - unicellular
• - lacks a nucleus
• - 1 circular piece of chromosomal DNA   
• - smaller than Eukaryotes
• - reproduce by Binary Fission
• There are 2 types
• 1. Eubacteria (True bacteria)
• 2. Archaebacteria (Extremaphiles)
• Memory Aid PRO NO

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• What organelles does a Prokaryote contain?
• Remember all cells contain a cell membrane,
  cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, and,
  chromosomal DNA
• Cell Wall
• rigid layer surrounding the
• cell membrane and provides
• protection and support
• Capsule
• Layer that lies outside the cell wall
• Flagellum
• Few long threadlike appendages used for
  locomotion
• Pilli
• Short threadlike appendages allowing bacteria to
  attach to surfaces
• Types of cells Bacterium, Fungi, Plant

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Eukaryotic Cells
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• Eukaryotic true nucleus
• unicellular or multi-cellular
• contains a nucleus (DNA found inside the nuclear
  membrane/envelope)
• many linear strands of chromosomal DNA
• bigger than prokaryotes
• reproduce using mitosis
• There are 4 kingdoms of
• organisms with eukaryotic
• cells Protista, Fungi,
• Plants, Animals
• Memory Aid EU TRUE

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• What organelles does the Eukaryote contain?
• Remember all cells contain a cell membrane,
  cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, and,
  chromosomal DNA
• Membrane bound organelles
• Nucleus
• Mitochondrion
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosome
• Vacuole
• Chloroplast
• Cell Wall

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Nucleus

• Container which stores the hereditary information
  (DNA) and regulates the production of proteins
• Manager of the cell
• Nuclear Envelope
• double membrane that
• surrounds the nucleus
• Nuclear Pores
• small channels through
• which larger materials pass in/out of the
  nucleus
• Nucleolus
• makes ribosomes
• Types of cells
• Protist, Fungus, Plant, Animal

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Chromosomal DNA

• Blueprint for all the cells characteristics.
• Hereditary material that tells the cell what
  proteins to make.
• Found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
• Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
• Types of cells
• Bacterium, Protist,
• Fungus, Plant, and Animal

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Cytoplasm

• Jelly-like fluid contents of cells in which
  organelles are found
• Cytosol
• fluid within the cytoplasm
• Types of Cells
• Bacterium, Protist, Fungus,
• Plant, and Animal

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Cytoskeleton

• Provides the interior
• frame work of a cell
• Anchors the cells
• organelles
• Types of Cells
• Bacterium, Protist, Fungus,
• Plant, and Animal

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Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

• Plants cells have 3 Organelles that Animal Cells
  dont have
• Remember the 3 Cs
• 1. Cell Wall 2. Chloroplast 3. Central Vacuole

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Ribosome

• Assembles (makes) proteins from raw materials
  following directions from the nucleus
• Types of cells
• Bacterium, Protist,
• Fungus, Plant,
• and Animal

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Mitochondria

• Breaks down food (glucose) and releases energy
  in the form of ATP for the cell to use.
• This process is called respiration.
• Contain their
• own DNA
• Types of cells
• Protist, Fungus,
• Plant, Animal
• Memory Aid Powerhouse of the Cell

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Membrane system of interconnected channels
  through which materials are transported
• There are 2 types of ER
• Rough has ribosomes
• transports proteins from the
• ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus
• Smooth no ribosomes
• synthesizes and transports lipids
• Types of cells
• Protist, Fungus, Plant, Animal
• Memory Aid Subway

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Golgi Apparatus

• Flattened stack of membranes that modifies,
  sorts, and packages proteins into sacs called
  vesicles.
• Vesicles can then travel through
• the cytoplasm to deliver proteins.
• Some fuse with the cell membrane
• to release the proteins into
• the environment outside the cell.
• Types of cells
• Protist, Fungus, Plant, Animal
  
• Memory Aid Post Office

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Vacuole

• Baglike structure that temporarily stores
  materials (food, water, enzymes, waste)
• for the cell.
• Types of cells
• Protist food, contractile
• Fungus - food
• Animal food
• Plant water, food, enzymes
• large central vacuole
• keeps cells turgid

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Lysosome

• Small, round organelle that contains digestive
  enzymes used for digesting a cells food or waste
  and invading bacteria and viruses
• Types of
• Cells
• Protist,
• Plant,
• Animal
• Memory Aid Cleanup Crew

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Chloroplast

• Captures light energy and converts it into
  chemical energy by making carbohydrates
  (glucose).
• This process is called
• Photosynthesis
• Type of cells
• Plant
• (a few Protists)