The Age of Exploration

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The Age of Exploration
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Table of Contents
I. Sailing beyond the Horizon.. II.
Portugal.. III.
Spain. IV. England
... V. Spices and Wealth. VI.
Technology
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Unit Guided Questions
What motivated Europeans to explore the New World? What were the effects of the Columbian Exchange? How did the migration of Europeans effect cultural changes in the New World, both past and present? How did differing points of view, self-interest, and global distribution of natural resources play a role in conflict over territory in the New World? What were some similarities and differences of different nations and individuals that explored the New World? (e.g. regions explored, successes, failures, motives, ad etc) How did European technology allow them to sail to the New World and subdue the Native populations?
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Sailing beyond the Horizon

• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Bartholomew Diaz
• Christopher Columbus

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Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal

• In 1415, Prince Henry, with his father King John
  I and his brothers, conquered the Muslim port
  city of Ceuta to stop attacks on Portugal by
  Barbary pirates.
• Afterward, Prince Henry dedicated himself to
  exploring the trade routes of Africa to increase
  Portugals wealth. He inspired generations of
  explores.
• He also began searching for the legendary Prester
  John.

King John I and Philippa of Lancaster
Today Ceuta is an autonomous city within Spain.
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The legend of Prester John

• The legend of Prester John (Presbyter Johannes)
  told of a Christian king ruling a kingdom
  somewhere in Ethiopia, Asia, or both.
• Prester John was said to be a descendent of one
  of the Three Magi (the three wise men of the
  Bible).
• Inside his kingdom were the Gates of Alexander,
  the Fountain of Youth, and the entrance to the
  biblical paradise.
• The story circulated throughout Europe between
  the 12th and the 17th centuries.

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Prince Henrys Expeditions

• Prince Henry sponsored many expeditions of
  discovery.
• He hired Jehuda Cresques, a famous Jewish
  cartographer, to map the new discoveries.
• Prince Henry was responsible for the development
  of the caravel, a ship designed for exploration.

Below Monument to Prince Henry and other
Portuguese maritime explorers, Lisbon

• Under Prince Henrys direction, many Portuguese
  settlements were established along the African
  coast
• 1419 Madeira Islands
• 1427 The Azores
• 1435 Cape Verde (Cap-Vert)
• 1446 Bissau
• 1456 Cape Verde Islands

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Bartholomew Diaz
Bartholomew Diaz was a Portuguese explorer and
the first European to sail around the Cape of
Good Hope in 1488.
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Bartholomew Diaz
King John II of Portugal directed Diaz to lead an
expedition to discover a sea route to India,
which would allow direct trade between the two
countries.
Clockwise from top King John II, Diaz rounds the
Cape, man-of- war, Bartholomew Diaz
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• Diaz lost sight of the coast at Port Nolloth.
• His ship was driven by a storm until he reached
  Mossel Bay in South Africa on February 2, 1488.
• He continued up to the Great Fish River, which
  flows into the Indian Ocean.
• Diaz noticed the change in current and the
  north-easterly trend of the coast and concluded
  that he had reached the Indian Ocean.

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Zheng He
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Zheng He
A Person of Extraordinary Ability Zheng He is
China's most famous maritime explorer. His
extraordinary ability and vision found brilliant
expression in the great achievements of his life,
including maritime exploration, foreign
diplomacy, and military affairs. Shortly after
Zhu Di ascended the to throne as the Yongle
Emperor, he assigned Zheng He to the area of
maritime affairs. Zheng He first conducted an
exhaustive study of existing nautical charts,
celestial navigation, eastern and western
almanacs, astronomy and geography, marine
sciences, piloting, and shipbuilding and
repair Between the third year of the Yongle
reign period (1405) and the eighth year of the
Xuande reign period (1433), Zheng He led seven
great western maritime expeditions, crisscrossing
the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean into the
Persian Gulf and Red Sea, and reaching as far
west as the east coast of Africa. There is
evidence of Zheng He's visits in over thirty
Asian and African countries and regions. These
seven voyages, unprecedented in size,
organization, navigational technology, and range,
demonstrated not only the power and wealth of the
Ming Dynasty, but also Zheng He's extraordinary
command ability
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Christopher Columbus
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Christopher Columbus Map
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Columbus Needed Money for the Expedition

• Columbus first presented his planned expedition
  in 1485 to John II, king of Portugal, but the
  king refused to finance it.
• The king and queen of Spain, Ferdinand II of
  Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, agreed to fund
  Columbus' expedition in 1492.

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
John II of Portugal
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Spain and Portugal, 1492
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The expeditions flagship, the Santa Maria, was a
carrack. The Niña and Pinta were caravels.
Historical replicas of Columbus ships
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The Santa Maria compared to modern ocean vessels
Top The USS Nimitz Below A replica of Columbus'
flagship the Santa Maria in front of the cruise
ship AIDAblu
Chart of comparative sizes

• USS Nimitz (blue) 333 meters
• AIDAblu (orange) 245 meters
• Santa Maria (green) 18 meters

Replica of the Santa Maria
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• On October 12, 1492, Columbus landed on what is
  now Watling's Island in the Bahamas. He named it
  San Salvador.
• He sailed on to the islands of Cuba and
  Hispaniola.
• Columbus left the New World on January 16, 1493,
  and arrived in Spain on March 15.

• The Pinzón brothers
• Alonso Pinzón (left) was the captain of the
  Pinta.
• Vicente Yáñez Pinzón (right) was the captain of
  the Niña.

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Watlings Island
Hispaniola Today
Nautical chart of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico,
1639
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• Columbus was appointed governor and viceroy over
  the new lands he had claimed for Spain.
• Second voyage September 25, 1493, Columbus left
  from Cádiz, Spain, on a voyage of discovery with
  16 ships and about 1500 men, including Juan Ponce
  de León. He found several islands, including
  Puerto Rico.
• Third voyage May 30, 1498, he left Sanlúcar with
  six ships, exploring the gulf between Trinidad
  and Venezuela.
• Fourth voyage May 11, 1502, he left Cádiz with
  four ships, exploring the Caribbean coast of
  Central America.
• In 1500 upon returning to Spain Columbus was
  arrested for exceeding his power as governor of
  Hispaniola. He was acquitted by Ferdinand and
  Isabella who funded his fourth voyage.
• Columbus died in Spain on May 20, 1506.

Ferdinand and Isabella
Columbus before Queen Isabella of Spain
Columbus' tomb inside the Seville Cathedral
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The Columbian Exchange
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Columbian Exchange Continued
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vHQPA5oNpfM4