Cycling of Matter 4.3

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Cycling of Matter 4.3

1. WATER
2. CARBON-OXYGEN
3. NITROGEN
4. PHOSPHORUS

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WATER CYCLE

• The continual movement of H20 from the Earths
  surface and oceans to the atmosphere and back to
  the surface and oceans again.
• Powered by the sun (solar energy) which causes
  evaporation transpiration.
• Cells 70-90 waterEarth 75 water
• water is a KEY factor in terrestrial
  ecosystems!!

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KEY TERMS

• precipitation (forms rain, snow, sleet, hail,
  fog)
• transpiration (aka evapotranspiration)
• evaporation
• runoff
• water vapor
• percolation (water into soil)
• ground water (water in soil)

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Sources/Causes

• Heat (sun ?) causes water to evaporate from
  bodies of water into water vapor in the
  atmosphere (90).
• Little H2O transpires from stomata of plant
  leaves (10).
• Animals exhale (respire) a very small percentage.
• Water in the atmosphere encounters temperature
  and pressure changes and precipitates.
• Precipitation either becomes runoff or ground
  water and again cycles by evaporation and/or
  transpiration.

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http//www.education.noaa.gov/Freshwater/Water_Cyc
le.html
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CARBON-OXYGEN CYCLE

• Driven by photosynthesis and cellular
  respiration. Which types of organisms do which
  process(es)?
• Remember the chemical equations?
• Carbon is an essential component of proteins,
  carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipidsthe 4
  biomolecules found in living things!

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• Cycle CO2 to plants ? photosynthesis (requires
  sunlight and H20 also!) ? carbohydrates to
  consumers (AND PLANTS!) ? respiration back to CO2
  and biomass.
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS stores solar energy in the form of
  C-C bonds in organic compounds.
• RESPIRATION releases chemical bond energy and
  makes it available (usable) to cellscells need
  energy to grow, develop, reproduce, respond,
  maintain homeostasis, etc.
• Sources (where does it come from?) all
  organisms (including decomposers), natural
  burning, power plant / factory / vehicle
  emissions.

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Rate of Carbon Cycling

• Man impacts the RATE of C-cycling by
• burning fossil fuels
• construction
• deforestation
• composting http//www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/co
  mposting/basic.htm
• agriculture
• use of pesticides and herbicides
• Cars 1/3 of CO2 emissions (overall total 6
  billion metric tons)!!!

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• Photosynthesis
• Cellular respiration
• Decomposition (CR) bacteria fungi in soil
• Combustion
• Food chain (consumerspart of CR)
• CO2 (CARBON cycle), O2, H20, Sun

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NITROGEN CYCLE

• Air contains 78 N2 gas
• N2 gas must be converted into other compounds
  (nitrates) before it can be used by living things
  ? called nitrogen fixation (done by bacteria).

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Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

• Convert N2 to ammonia (NH3) which quickly
  dissolves in H20 to produce ammonium ionscalled
  ammonification.
• Special kinds of bacteria convert the ammonium
  ions to nitrates that can then be absorbed by the
  roots of plantscalled nitrification.
• Plants use the nitrogen compounds they absorb
  (through a process called assimilation) to make
  amino acids, proteins, and other important
  substances. Animals get the nitrogen they need
  by consuming plants or organisms that consume
  plants.

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Others!

• Another group of bacteria converts some of the
  ammonia and nitrates into free N2 gas ? back into
  atmospherethis is called denitrification.
• Decomposers play an important role by breaking
  down N-containing animal wastes and the remains
  of dead organisms.
• --this breakdown releases ammonia which
  dissolves to produce ammonium ions (called
  ammonification) ? taken up by roots of plants ?
  etc.

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DRAW IT!! ?FoldNotesGREEN ARROWS

• Ammonia
• N2, H20
• Nitrification
• Ammonification
• Denitrification
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
• Nitrates
• Assimilation
• Denitrifying bacteria
• Decomposers
• Death/waste

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PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

• P is a component of ATP (energy storing compound
  used by cells) and DNA (genetic code)
• Found in soil and rock as calcium phosphate which
  dissolves in H20 to form phosphate ? plants
  absorb through their roots ? animals eat plants
  (P is transferred) ? animals and plants die ?
  phosphorus is returned to soil.

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http//phos-cyclenc.tripod.com/
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