Cycling of Matter and Nutrient Cycles

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Cycling of Matter and Nutrient Cycles
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The Biosphere

• Biosphere is the living surface of earth
• Lithosphere is the hard part of the earths
  surface
• Hydrosphere is the surface covered in water, both
  salt and fresh
• Atmosphere is the layer of air above the surface

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Water Cycle
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Carbon Cycle
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Carbon Cycle

• Air contains carbon in the form of CO2
• Plants use light to make sugars which contain
  carbon
• Organisms break down sugar molecules for energy
  and release carbon as waste
• Burning fossil fuels and woods release CO2
• Organisms die and their carbon containing bodies
  decompose by bacteria and fungi and other
  decomposers. CO2 is released.
• Under certain conditions the remains of some dead
  organisms may gradually change into fossil fuels,
  gas, crude oil, coal (all rich in carbon)

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Nitrogen Cycle
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Key Ideas

• Earths atmosphere is 78 nitrogen (N2)
• Most organisms cannot use nitrogen in this format
  so it must be converted (fixated)
• Terrestrial Fixation
• The soil contains bacteria that convert nitrogen
  to ammonium (NH4). Other soil bacteria take this
  ammonia and convert it into nitrate where plants
  can then absorb it. Nitrogen is passed through
  the food chain from this point.
• Aquatic Fixation
• Cyanobacteria convert nitrogen into ammonium
  which is absorbed by plants.

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• Fixation by Lightning
• High electricity converts atmospheric nitrogen
  into nitrates (NO3)
• Humans convert nitrogen into ammonium and
  nitrates with high pressure and temperature to
  manufacture fertilizers
• Different bacteria in land and water also can
  convert nitrates back to nitrogen to be released
  into the atmosphere.
• In sustainable ecosystems excess nitrogen is
  stored in rocks (lithosphere)

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Nitrogen Cycle

• Use your text book to complete the worksheet in
  your package. Pg. 16

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Phosphorous Cycle
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Phosporous Cycle

• Use textbook to fill in Cycle in your package.
  Pg. 17

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Human Activities and Nutrient Cycle effects
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Fertilizers and the Phosphorus Cycle

• Run off from fertilizers cause algal blooms
  blocks light for submerged plants, algae and
  other plants eventually die off, bacteria use
  oxygen during decomposition so oxygen levels get
  too low for fish to survive so they die off.
• Eutrophication A process in which nutrient
  levels in aquatic ecosystems increase leading to
  an increase in the populations of primary
  producers (algae)

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Homework

• Pg 9, 1-4
• Pg 19 5-8
• Pg 20 1-8