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Berlin - Tuesday, 15.07.2003
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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Todays Topic of Conversation and Discussion
with decentral and quasi self-sustaining
resource management as an alternative solution
for cellular and regional supply and disposal
structures. Subsistence farming and water
management vs. TNCs (Transnational Companies),
supra-national and national water resource
management.
Small Scale Closed Loop Recycling Water
Management as a Realization of Demand-Oriented
Subsidiarity"
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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the PRE-CONDITIONS for LDCs with
NEGATIVE EFFECTS? Some basic facts (source
partly David Pimentel, Ecologist, Cornell Univ.)

• Many middle and high-income countries (incl. the
  USA and those within the EU) continue to support
  agricultural production from large scale
  agriculture, e.g. grain, both directly through
  market protection and support - with the result
  of overproduction.

• The developed countries support their
  agricultural production with 350 billion U.S.
  per year. It is about seven times the rate they
  spend for foreign aid.

• The above mentioned facts might be a reason why
  in Africa the tonnage of food produced and
  consumed per-capita is falling actually.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the PRE-CONDITIONS for LDCs with
NEGATIVE EFFECTS? Some basic facts (source
partly David Pimentel, Ecologist, Cornell Univ.)
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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the PRE-CONDITIONS for LDCs with
NEGATIVE EFFECTS? Some basic facts

• The respectable German weekly DIE ZEIT noticed in
  its current issue (July 10th)
  The chronic misery of Africa turns the
  continent to an enormous market of U.S.
  agricultural surplus.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the pre-conditions with NEGATIVE
EFFECTS? Some facts (source partly David
Pimentel, Ecologist, Cornell Univ.)

• For every kg of high-quality animal protein
  produced, livestock are fed nearly 6kg of plant
  protein.

• Tracking food animal production from the feed
  trough to the dinner table, beef cattle
  production requires a fossil fuel energy input to
  protein output ratio of 54 1 chicken meat
  production consumes energy in a 4 1 ratio to
  protein output (U.S. Departm. of Agricultural
  Statistics).

• Every kilogram of beef produced takes 100.000
  liters of water.

• Raising broiler chickens takes 3.500 liters of
  water to make a kg of meat.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
In comparison Water consumption to produce plant
protein under temperate to semi-arid conditions

• At an average, to produce 1kg of grain requires
  about 1.000 liters of crop evapotranspiration
  (aEPT).

• Rise production 1.900 (450-2.500) liters per kg
  dry matter

• Wheat production 435 (-900) liters per kg dry
  matter

• Potatoe production 500 (-640) liters per kg dry
  matter

• Indian corn (maize) 368 (-450) liters per kg dry
  matter

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Other ecological effects of intensive stock
rearing and large area cultivation of grain

• On U.S. lands where grain feed is produced, soil
  loss averages 13 tons per hectare/a.

• Due to the vegetation cover pasture lands are
  eroding at a lower space, at an average of 6
  tons/a.

• But erosion may exceed 100 tons on severely
  overgrazed pastures, and 54 of U.S. pasture land
  is being overgrazed (D. Pimentel, 1997 - Cornell
  Univ.)

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
The ecological point of view and appraisement

• From an ecologists perspective, the American (
  partly European) system of farming grain-fed
  livestock, consumes resources far out of
  proportion to the yield, accelerates soil
  erosion, affects world food supply and have to be
  changed.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Other pre-conditions with NEGATIVE EFFECTS for
LDCs

• WTO negotiations on General Agreement on Trade in
  Servises (GATS) and International development
  policies implemented since the 1980s, including
  Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs), further
  restricted public investments in agriculture in
  LDCs.

• Smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa has
  been taxed rather than subsidized in
  contradiction to large-scale agriculture.

• Smallholders receive less public support, and
  face more competition from cheap foreign products
  (often declared as aid) that flood their markets.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Other pre-conditions with NEGATIVE EFFECTS for
LDCs

• Food imports with dumping prices, drawn from
  ever-cheaper world markets, jeopardize the
  implementation of prices that are sufficiently
  high to reward the farmers efforts, which is the
  most critical stimulation of intensification.

• Already in the late sixties of the last century
  it was clear that increasing competion on world
  markets would penalize export oriented LDCs
  (Franke 1967).

• Restricted public support given during the first
  three quarters of the last century as biased
  toward large-scale, mechanized, (often) white
  settler agriculture and capital-intensive,
  notoriously inefficient state-managed estates.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Other pre-conditions with NEGATIVE EFFECTS for
LDCs

• In the framework and latest outcome of GATS (and
  NAFTA) recommendations cost-intensive water
  supply of rural areas remains at the risk of
  governmental organisations, and the water supply
  and waste management of urban settlements are
  going to be privatized.

• The necessary and responsible allocation of cost
  (profit and lost) between subsidized rural areas
  and profidable urban areas does not take place.

• Inefficient assignment of duties, e.g. in respect
  of service contracts, discovery of hiden costs,
  maintenance of infrastructure, additionally,
  little evaluation of social impact are
  threatening essential public services.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Lessons learnt? What could be done?

• PROTECTION Without protection, African producers
  and ultimately the economy as a whole, will lose
  out because of these massive imports, and
  restricted exports, or reinforcement of import
  duties by poor African countries.

• ENCOURAGEMENT Therefore, for sub-Saharan Africa,
  enhancing the productivity of smallholder
  agriculture is the only way out of the poverty
  trap. Because, there is ample evidence that
  smaller farmers play a greater part than larger
  farmers in engendering both pro-poor agricultural
  and overall economic growth both in Asia and
  Africa (B.v.Koppen, 2002, Water Development for
  Poverty Eradication).

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the - well-known - facts and what can we
learn?

• Past economic growth in high income countries,
  and recent growth in the Asian Tigers were
  typically preceeded by, and based upon,
  agricultural growth and self-sufficiency.

• Agriculture is a dynamic engine of growth and an
  important contributor to welfare in later stages
  of economic development. Growing rural, and
  urban, off-farm employment reflects agricultural
  growth.

• Agricultural growth in semi-arid countries is
  linked to, and based on, land suitability and
  ownership, water availability, and irrigation
  requirements of different types.

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An example from Kenyaby Hatsuya Azumi (2002)
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FARMERS TAKE OVER BY FORCE
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• Tragic Case of
• Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya
• Hatsuya Azumi
• April 2002

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Lessons Learned
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Dr. H. Kehl

• Preconditions for farmers assuming OM
  responsibilities
• Land ownership or long-term lease
• Reasonably operative facilities (especially when
  farmers are so poor)
• Legal framework acts, decrees, ordinances, etc.
  but also by laws
• Freedom to choose crops
• Freedom to set water charge and decide on
  collection mechanism
• Public awareness building and cap. building

source Hatsuya Azumi, April 2002
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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the - well-known - facts and what can we
learn?

• In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) the likelihood that
  expansion of formal irrigation will be able to
  play a similar role and have the same
  productivity impacts as it did in Asia is remote!

• The experience with large-scale and even smaller
  community-managed irrigation schemes has been
  disappointing costs of investment and leakage
  (incl. non-productive evaporation) tend to be
  high, while the returns have been low. IWMI,
  WP55, 2003

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the - well-known - facts and what can we
learn?

• Reg. Public Private Partnership (PPP) and Private
  Sector Participation (PSP) - projects

• Recent development politics with focus on
  implementation of PPP / PSP - projects with TNCs
  have shown that profit-oriented water supply and
  waste water management penalize more frequent the
  rural poor and, generally, prefer the urban -
  financially strong - population. Hoering, 2001
  / 2003 and Social Watch Report 2003

• Restrictively, it should be mentioned here that
  the so-called German model - in contradiction
  to World Bank and IMF conditionalities - do not
  favour the complete privatization of the water
  sector or commercialization, respectively.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Achieving More Crop Per Drop is possible, and
a real solution to the water crisis over the
coming two decades. IWMI, 2003

• As David Molden, Leader of the Comprehensive
  Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture,
  anounced in Kyoto 2003, an increasing water
  productivity can be reached only by an
  integrated, holistic approach to water resource
  managament.

• Various approaches and experiments, especially by
  NGOs, have shown that the shift of
  responsibilities to small farmers for small-scale
  water-demand management can help save water,
  increase economic efficiency of use, improve
  water quality, and even promote environmentally
  sustainable water use. IWMI, WP55, 2003

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Achieving More Crop Per Drop is possible, and
a real solution to the water crisis over the
coming two decades. IWMI, 2003

• Smaller farmers tend to produce more per unit of
  land than larger farmers, because of a
  higher-value crop mix, more double cropping, more
  intercropping, and less fallowing. Yields are
  also often higher. B.v.Koppen 2002

• Subsistence farming with decentral and quasi
  self-sustaining (water) resource management could
  reduce the agricultural impact an natural
  ecosystems, and would be a chance for an
  environment-friendly re-adaptation of agriculture
  to nature.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Achieving More Crop Per Drop is possible, and
a real solution to the water crisis over the
coming two decades. IWMI, 2003

• In contradiction, intensive agriculture has often
  been enabled by major public support for the
  overexploitation of water resources, and its
  consequences have been severe.

• E.g., between 1980 and 1995, Saudi Arabia
  consumed 75 of the proven reserves of fossil
  ground water in its major aquifers to irrigate
  wheat crops. FTGW, 1997
• Libya (Great Man-Made River) and Egypt (New
  Valley resp. Toska Project) both, are on the way
  to use up their huge - but limited (!) -
  non-renewable fossil ground water reserves.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Achieving More Crop Per Drop is possible, and
a real solution to the water crisis over the
coming two decades. IWMI, 2003

• The Green Revolution of the so-called developed
  countries came with a high environmental price in
  the form of increased pollution and depletion of
  water resources, e.g. pesticide and synthetic
  fertilizers, as well as consistent watering,
  achieving in nearly all cases through large
  irrigation projects.

• Perhaps most dramatically, irrigated cotton
  production in Central Asia has diverted so much
  water from the Amur Darya and Syr Darya rivers
  that they no longer reach the Aral Sea.
  Therefore, the Aral Sea ecosystem has changed
  completely (c.f. Monday-Lesson!)

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management

• Basically and essentially, structural adjustments
  for internal (national) necessities (satisfaction
  of elementary needs) should be realized

• e.g. decentralization, realization of
  subsidiarity principles and implementation of
  agricultural extensive services.

• Dicison-makers and researchers (e.g.
  hydrologists) must now shift their focus from
  enlarging supplies of managing its demand.

• Concideration of different social cultural
  norms and traditionel water management
  technologies is a precondition to be successful.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management

• For sence-making processes integration approaches
  by Connecting People.

• Transperancy through facilitation and fostering
  communication between people.

• Educational advertising and consultance, due to
  the fact that planned water reuse in the context
  of integrated water resources management provides
  a strong argument against the traditional
  practice and offers instead systematic progress
  towards safe and reliable sanitation practices.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management

• Appropriate and affordable technologies would
  include methods of rain water harvesting and
  storage in underground tanks (cisterns, collector
  or tube wells), e.g.

• Methods of collecting rain run-offs (roof water
  and roadtop water harvesting), as it has been
  practised in N-Africa and Greece in ancient time
  and partly today.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management

• E.g. Sally et al. (2000) and Sally Abernethy
  (2002) discuss, what they named, precision
  irrigation in a basin perspective. They point out
  that precision irrigation is not necessarily an
  expensive high-technology option.

• Additionally, tillage operations (protection
  against evaporation), vegetation measures and
  contour bunds for soil and water conservation
  (incl. artificial ground water recharge ),
  treadle pumps or small mechanized pumps, low
  pressure drip irrigation, collective pump and
  gravity irrigation schemes and small village
  dams, etc.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management

• Reduce evapotranspiration through afforestation,
  growing site adapted trees as it has been
  realized in traditional oasis to shadow the crop
  and reduce wind velocity (realization of micro
  climates).

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Only one important way to advance and to be
successful?
Consider simple wisdoms, often ignored!

• Selection Implementation of an appropriate
  irrigation technology must consider long-term
  maintenance costs.

• Calculate advantages and disadvantages of
  environmental impacts (e.g. by Environmental
  Impact Assessments - EIA) under estimation of
  long-term economical AND ecological consequential
  costs!

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Only one important way to advance and to be
successful?
Consider simple wisdoms, often ignored!

• Be aware that sustainable use of Local Public
  Goods (LPGs) is non-profit-oriented!

• Buy what you plan to consume and use what you buy!

• Choose Buy organically grown foods, help create
  and sustain YOUR local markets!

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Only one important way to advance and to be
successful?
Consider simple wisdoms, often ignored!

• Not only food security as a result of foreign
  aid is important!

• But rather food self-sufficiency prevent from
  dependency!

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Latest Background Materials and Publications

• Social Watch Report 2003 - The Poor and the
  Market (with special focus on the unacknowledged
  social implications of the General Agreement on
  Trade in Servises (GATS) and International
  development policies, incl. PPPs and PSPs).

• Intern. Journ. of Water Resources Development,
  Vol. 19, No. 2, June 2003 (with special focus on
  Public-Private-Partnership in the MENA countries
  / Middle East a. North Africa).

• Innovative Approaches to Agricultural Water Use
  for Improving Food Security in Sub-Saharan
  Africa, Working Paper 55, IWMI (last issue).

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Latest Background Materials and Publications

• Report on the Agricultural Extension Policy of
  Ghana by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture,
  Ghana, July 2002.

• Water from (Wast)Water - The Dependable Water
  Resource, by Takashi Asano, 2001, Stockholm Water
  Prize Laureate Lecture.

• Agriculture Re-adaptation to the Environment, by
  Annette Huber-Lee and Eric Kemp-Bendict, 2003.

• Water for People - Water for Life, The United
  Nations World Water Development Report, World
  Water Assessment Programme (UNESCO-WWAP) 2003.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
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Dr. H. Kehl
Questions and Discussion of Today
1
Traditional and modern agriculture under the
pressure of human growth. What are the
limitations, advantages and disadvantages under
the precondition of limited water and soil
resources?
2
Self-restriction and self-sufficiency or
food-security? Re-Adaptation to the environment
through sustainable use of water resources and
well adapted small-scale agriculture. What could
be the right way?
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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
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Dr. H. Kehl
Questions and Discussion of Today
3
Possible Impacts of SAPs and GATS on YOUR
Country, especially regarding Water Management
and its long-term Implications on the
sustainability of ecosystems.
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A Precondition of Successful Integrated Ground
Water Management is a High-Degree-Transparency of
sence making processes, especially important for
lower-level people. What have be, and what should
be done in YOUR country? Where are the deficits
and what are the reasons?
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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
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Dr. H. Kehl
Questions and Discussion of Today
5
Peter Gleick (Senior Researcher of the Pacific
Institute for Studies in Development,
Environment, and Society) pointed out - among
other things - that The institutions
responsible for building and managing water
infrastructure shouldnt be responsible for doing
long-term planning and There is no such thing
as a free market for water, so water transfers
should be encouraged but carefully monitored and
evaluated. What is your oppinion?
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