Pre-AP Biology

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Pre-AP Biology

• Carbon Properties

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CarbonWhat is the atomic number ?What is the
mass number?
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Carbon Cycle
CO2 in atmosphere
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Burning of fossil fuels and wood
Higher-level consumers
Primary consumers
Carbon compounds in water
Detritus
Decomposition
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Carbons Electron shells
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Carbon bonding in four different directions
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Carbon Bonding and Hydrocarbons
Molecular Formula
Structural Formula
Methane
Ethane
Ethene (ethylene)
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Hydrocarbon tailsSee all the energy in this fat
molecule?
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Hydrocarbon Tails of a Phospholipid
Choline
Hydrophilic head
Phosphate
Glycerol
Hydrophobic tails
Fatty acids
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tails
Structural formula
Space-filling model
Phospholipid symbol
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Cell Membranes
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Functional groups serve important purposes in
molecules
Estradiol
Female lion
Testosterone
Male lion
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LE 4-10aa
STRUCTURE
(may be written HO)
Ethanol, the alcohol present in alcoholic
beverages
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Is polar as a result of the electronegative
oxygen atom drawing electrons toward itself.
Alcohols (their specific names usually end in -ol)
Attracts water molecules, helping dissolve
organic compounds such as sugars (see Figure 5.3).
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LE 4-10ab
Acetone, the simplest ketone
EXAMPLE
STRUCTURE
Acetone, the simplest ketone
Propanal, an aldehyde
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Ketones if the carbonyl group is within a carbon
skeleton
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Aldehydes if the carbonyl group is at the end of
the carbon skeleton
A ketone and an aldehyde may be structural
isomers with different properties, as is the
case for acetone and propanal.
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LE 4-10ac
EXAMPLE
STRUCTURE
Acetic acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Has acidic properties because it is a source of
hydrogen ions.
Carboxylic acids, or organic acids
The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is
so polar that hydrogen ions (H) tend
to dissociate reversibly for example,
Acetic acid
Acetate ion
In cells, found in the ionic form, which is
called a carboxylate group.
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LE 4-10ba
EXAMPLE
STRUCTURE
Glycine
Because it also has a carboxyl group, glycine is
both an amine and a carboxylic acid compounds
with both groups are called amino acids.
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Acts as a base can pick up a proton from the
surrounding solution
Amine
(nonionized)
(ionized)
Ionized, with a charge of 1, under cellular
conditions
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LE 4-10bb
EXAMPLE
STRUCTURE
(may be written HS)
Ethanethiol
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Two sulfhydryl groups can interact to help
stabilize protein structure (see Figure 5.20).
Thiols
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LE 4-10bc
EXAMPLE
STRUCTURE
Glycerol phosphate
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Makes the molecule of which it is a part an anion
(negatively charged ion).
Organic phosphates
Can transfer energy between organic
molecules.