Title: 2-1 ???????? ????????: Determinants of second order
1(No Transcript)
22- ?????????????? Determination
- 2-1 ???????? ???????? Determinants of second
order - ????? ???? ??????? ?????? a1 , b1 , a2 , b2 ???
?????? ??????? -
- ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? a1b2 -a2b1 ?????
??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????
3- ???? (2-1) ???? ???? ???????
- ?????????????
4- 2-2 ???????? ???????? (??? ?????? ???????)
Determinants of third
order - ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????
???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? - ???? ???? ???? ???????
- ?? ??????? ??????
-
5- ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??
?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????
????????
6- ???? (2-3) ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????
- ????????????
- ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????
??? ???? - ???????? ???????? ?????
7- 2-3 ???????? ?????? (????? ??????)
- ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???
?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???
???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????. - ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??
- ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????
????? ????? (?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???
?????? a1) ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? a1
????? ??? ?????? A1 ?? ?? - ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? b2 ????? ???? ???
?????? B2 ??
8- ???????? ?????? ?????? c3 ????? ???? ??? ??????
C3 ?? -
?????....... - ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????
??????? (D) ????? ????? ?????? - ???????? ????? ?????
- ???????? ???? ??????
- ???????? ???? ??????
- ???????? ??????? ?????
- ???????? ?????? ??????
- ???????? ?????? ??????
9- 2-4 ?????? ???????? ????????.
- ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???
???? ??????? ?? ?????. - ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????
??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. - ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????
????. - ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????
???? (????? ??) ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??
???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? . - ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??
??????? ?????? ????? ????? n ??? ??????? ?????
????? n ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??
???? ???. - ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????
?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??
??????? ??????
10- ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???
???? ??????? ?? ?????. - ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????
??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????
11- ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????
???? - ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? (D) ????????
??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? (??
???????? ??????????) ?????? ???? ??? ?????
??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????.
12- ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????
???? (????? ??) ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??
???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? - ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??
??????? ?????? ????? ????? n ??? ??????? ?????
????? n ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??
???? ???. ?????
13- ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????
?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??
??????? ??????? ??????
14- ???? (2-6) ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??
???? ?????? - ?????????
- ???? ???? ????? ?? 6 ????? ?????? ?? 4 ?? ??? ???
?????? ????? ?? 4 ??????? ??? ?????? ??????
??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??
15- 2-5 ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????????
- ?- ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????
- ???? ??? ??? ??????????
- ???? ???? y ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? x ??
???? x ?????? ?????? ??? y ? ????? ?? ??????????
?? - ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??
??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????
??? ??????
16- ???? (2-7) ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????
- ?????????
- ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????
17- ?- ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????
- ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??????
- ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? D ??? ???????
?? ????? ??????? x,y,z ?? ????????? ?????? ???
???? ????? ????? A1 , A2 , A3 ?? ???????? ??????
?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? D. - ????? ???????? ?????? ?? A1 ???????? ?? -A2
???????? ?? A3 ?????? ???? ??
18- ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? y , z ????? ?? ??????
????? ????? ??? ????? x ?? ??????? D. - ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???
??????? D ??? ??????? ??????? x ?? ????????
??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? d1,d2,d3 ?????
?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? Dx ????? ???? - ??????? ???
19- ???? (2-8) ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????
- ?????????
- ???? ????? ????????? D ??????
- ?? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????
????????? ??????? ?? ?????.
20- -6 ??????? ??? ????????
- ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????
- ???? ?? (x1,y1) , (x2,y2) , (x3,y3) ??
???????? ???? ?????? ABC ??? ???????? ????????
????? ??????. ???? ?? AB ???? ????? ?? ???? x
????? ???? AC ???? ????? ?? ?????? x ??? ?? ????
??????.
21(No Transcript)
22- ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????
???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? - ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????
???? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????
?????? ????? ???? ???????? C , B ????? ??? ?????
??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????
????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????
???????.
23- ????? (1) ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? (0
, 0) ? ???????? (x1 , y1) , ,(x2 , y2) , , ?????
?????? ??????? ??????? ½ (x1y2 - x2y1) . - ????? (2) ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????
??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? A, B , C ??? ??? ???????
????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???
??? ????? ?????? (x1,y1) , ,(x2,y2) , ,(x3,y3)
,??? ??????? ????? ?? - ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????
24- ???? (2-9) ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???
??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????
???????? ???????? ????? (40 , 20) , (120 , 30) ,
(0 , 160). - ?????????
253- ?????????? Matrices
- ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.
????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????
???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????
?????????. ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????
???? ????? m?n ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? m ??
?????? ?n ?? ???????. ?????? ???????? ?? ???????
?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????
?????? (?? ????????) ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????
???? A , B , C ???????? ?????? ? ??????
263-1 ???????? ??????? ????????? Matrices Algebra
- 3-1-1 ??? ? ??? ????????? Matrices addition and
subtraction - ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????
??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????
????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? A , B ???????? ?? ???
?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????
???????? C ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??
??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? A , B. - ???? (3-1) ??? ????
27??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????
????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??
?????? ??????
??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??
??????? ???????
28???? ???? ???????? B ?? ???? ??? ??? m ??
????????? A ??? B mA ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????
B ????? m ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????
A.??? ?? ?????? ??????
??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? 1- ?????? ?????????? A
, B ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????
????????? ???????. 2- ???? ??? ?????? A ?? ??? m
????? ?? ????? (????? ????? ?? ????? ????) ??
?????? B ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??
????? A ?? m.
29????? ??? ???-
????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????
?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????
????? m (A B) mA mB ????? mA
Am ???? ?? ???? m ??? ????? ?????? ????
?????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? Scalar
Multiplication
30- 3-1-2 ??? ?????????
- ??? ???? ???? ???????? A, B ?????? ??????
??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????
?????? A ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? B
. ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? A , B ???????? (3
x 2) , (2 x2) ??? ??????? ?????? ?? - ???? ????? C AB ?? ?????? ?????? (3 x 2) ????
??????
31- ???? (3-3) ???? ???? ??? ??????????
- ?????????
32???? (3-4) ??? ?????
??? ???????? A ????? ????? ?? ???????? B ?????
???? ????? C AB ??
??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? B ????? ????? ??
???????? A ????? ???? ????? D BA ??
33??? ??? ???? ?? AB ?BA ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??
???? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???
A?B ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? B?A.
34- 3-2 ??? ???????? Trace of a Matrix
- ??? ???? ?????? ????? A(nxn) ??? ??? ???
???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??
???????? ???????? ?????? - ????? ????? ?????? ??????
353-3 ??? ????????? ??????
- 3-3-1 ?????? ???? Row Matrix
- ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???
???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????
Row Vector ????? ???? ???????? ?????? (A) ???????
(1 x n) ????? ??? - 3-3-2 ?????? ?????? Column Matrix
- ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????
??????? ??????? Column Vector ????? ???? ????????
?????? A ??????? (m x 1) ????? ???
36- 3-3-3 ???????? ??????? Squared Matrix
- ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???
???????? ??????? - 3-3-4 ???????? ??????? Diagonal Matrix
- ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????
??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? (????? ?????
???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? (a11 , a22
, a33 , .......amn) ??? ???????? ???????
37- 3-3-5 ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? Scalar
and Unit Matrix - ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????
??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? Scalar
matrix ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????
???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????
??????? ?????? Unit matrix ????? ??? ?????? In
??? (n x n) ?? ???? ????????? ?????? - ????? ??? ??? ???? A ?????? ????? ?????? I (m x
m) ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? - ??? k ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????.
38- ????? ?? ?????? A ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????
A ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????
??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? - ???? ??? ????
39- 3-3-6 ???? ???????? Determinant of the Matrix
- ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????
?????? ??? ???? - ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????
????????? ??????. - ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????
- ??? ??? A , B ???????? ??????? ????????
????? ??? - 1)
- 2)
- 3)
- ??? A-1 ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????
???? ???. -
40- 4)
-
- ??? c ????? ????? cA ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???
?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? A ?? ???????
?????? c ??? ???
41- 3-3-7 ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? The
transposed matrix - ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? A (m x n)
??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??
???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? A (n x m) ?? AT
?? /A ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? (3 x 2) ????
?????? - ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???
?????? AT ???????
42??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? A
?? ?????? ???? (A) .?????? ??? ????
????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? (A) ??
?????? ?????? A ?? ??
43????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? A ?????? ?????? (m x
n) ??? ???? ???????? AT ?? (n x m) ???? ???? ??
????? ????? ?? ?????? .?????? ???? ???? ????? A
AT ?? ???? ???? ????? AT A ??? ??? ???? A ??????
?????.
????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????
??????
???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????????. ???? ???? ??????
??? ????
44- 3-3-8 ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????
- Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrix
-
- ??? ???? A ?????? ????? ????? ????? A AT
????? ???? ??????? Symmetric ?? ?? ????????
??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? -
- ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???
???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????
????? ?? ???????? ?????????.
45????? ???????? A ??? ??????? ??? ???? A -AT ??
?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??
(-1)? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ???.
???????? ??????? aii ??? ???? ??? ???? ???
??????? ??? aii -aii ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????
aii 0 ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????
46- 3-3-9 ???????? ???????? The Adjoint Matrix
- ??? ???? A ?????? ?????
- ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? A ?? ????????
??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? A ?????
??? ?????? adj. A ???? ??? Arc ?? ?????? ???????
?????? arc (?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??
???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? arc ?? ???
??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????
?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????
?????? arc ?? ??? ??????? ????????) ??? ??????
??????? ???????? B ???? ???? A ? ?????
47(No Transcript)
48- ???? (3-5) ??? ????
- ???? ???????? ????????.
- ?????????
- ?????? ??????? ?????? a11 ?? ???????
- ??????? ??????? ?????? a12 ?? ???????
- ? ????....
49- ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? B ???? ??
50- 3-3-10 ????? ???????? The inverse matrix
- ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????
?????? ????? ??????? ????? A ???? ????? ????? ???
???? ?????? C ???? ??????? ACCAI ??? I ??
?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? A,C ?????
???????? C ????? A ????? ??? ?????? A-1 ????
??????? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ???? C ????? A ??? A
????? C ?? ?? A. A-1 A-1.AI. - ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??
??????? - ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? A.
(Adj. A) ??? ???? ??
51(No Transcript)
52(No Transcript)
53- ???? (3-6) ???? ???? A-1 ??? ????
- ?????????
- ??? ?????? ?????? ???
543-4 ????? ????????? Partitioning of Matrices
- ?????? ???????? ???????
- ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
- ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????
55???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? A , B ????????
???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????
???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??
A,B ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????
????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??
?? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??
56??? ????? ??????? (transpose) ????? ??? ?? ????
?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? A
?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????
?????? ?????? ?? ???????? (1)
????? ????? ???????? ???????
57??? ??????? ?????? ????? Multiplication ???????
????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????
????? ???????? A ?? ???????? B (?? ?? ????? A
????? ??? ???? B) ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????
????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???
????? ????????? ??????? ?? A ?? ??? ??????? c1 ,
c2 ,......, cn ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????????
??????? ???????? ?? B ?? c1 , c2 ,......, cn
?????? ??????
??? ??? ????? A11 ????? ??? ???? B11? ??? ?????
A12 ????? ??? ???? B21 ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??????
58???? (3-7) ??? ???
????? ???? ????? ??
59?????? ?? ?? C11 , C12 , C21 , C22 ???? ????
????? ??? ???????? C. ???? ???? C11
????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ????????
????? ?????? ?? ??????
60???? (3-8) ???? ???? ????? ??????
61- 3-5 ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????
- ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? (n) ?? ?????????
?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????? (n) ??? ??? ???
????????? ?????. ?? ?? - ??? ????????? ain ,bi ????? ?????
- ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????
??????? ??????
62- ?? A . x b
- ??? A ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????
- x ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????
- b ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????.
- ???? ???? A?0 ?? ?? ?????? ????????? A ???
???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? A-1 ???? - ?????? ??? A-1 . A I ???
- ??? ?? ???????? ????????? A . x b
63- ???? (3-10) ?? ????????? ??????
- ?????????
- ???? ????????? ??? ?????? A . x b
- ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??
64- ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????
??? ????. - ???????? ????
65(No Transcript)
664- ?????? ????????? Functions Limits
4-1 ?????????? ( ???????????? ) Inequalities
???? a , b ????? ??????? ?????? a lt b ??????
????? ?? b gt a ???? ?? a ??? ?? b ???????? ??
???????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? 1) if a
lt b and b lt c , then a lt c 2) if a lt b ,
then a c lt b c and a - c lt b - c 3) ????
??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? if a lt
B and c lt d , then a c lt b d ?????? ??
?????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????
2 lt 5 , 1 lt 7 ??????? ???? ?? 3 lt 12 ????
??????? ????? .. ??? ?????? ???? ??? 1 lt -2 ????
????? ???? ????. 4) if a lt b , then ac lt bc
, if c positive number if a lt b , then ac gt
bc , if c negative number ?????? ??? ?????? ??
???? ?????? ??? ????? d ??? ??? ???? ????? ??
( 1/d )
67-1-1 ??????? ??????? ????????? Geometric
Representation
2 1 0 -1 -2 ??? (4-1) ???? ??? ?????????? a lt b
???? ?? a ??? ??? ???? b 4-1-2 ?????????
Interval
b( )a ??? (4-2) ???? ??? (4-2) ??? ?? ????
??????? ???????? Open Interval? ?? ?? ??????
???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? a , b
????? ??? ??? ????? x ??? a , b ??? ??? ???? ??
a lt x ????? x lt b ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???
?? a lt x lt b.
68 b a ??? (4-3)
?????? ?????? ??????? Closed Interval ??? ??
????? (4-3) ???? ?????? x ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????
??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? a ????? x ? a ??
??? ??? ?? ?? ????? b ????? x ? b ??? ??? ????
??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? a ??? b ????? ?????
?? ???? ????? x ???? ???? a ? x ? b
69????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? b ??? ???? ????? a
???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? half-open on the left
?? ?? a lt x ? b ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? a
??? ???? b ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? half-open
on the right ????? a ? x lt b ????? ???????
??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? (a , b)
open interval a lt x lt b a , b closed
interval a ? x ? b (a , b interval half-open
on the left a lt x ? b a , b) interval
half-open on the right a ? x lt b
70????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????
????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????
??????? ???? ???? ?? 7 ???? ??????? ???? ?????
??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????
?????? ?????? ????? ( 7 , ? ) ??????? ??? ????
????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? 7 ????? ????? ???
??????? ???????? ????? ?? x ???? 7 lt x lt ?
??????? ??? ????? ( - ? , 12 ) ???? ????
??????? ???? ??? ?? 12 ??? ?? ????????? ????????
- ? lt x lt 12 ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????
x ????? ?? 12
71-1-3 ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????
?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????
???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????
?????? 2x 7 15 ??? ?? ???? ?? x 4
??????? ?????? ??????? x2 - x -2 0 ??? ????
??? x 2 , x -1 ?? ??? ?? ????????
???????? sin x ½ ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??
x 30o , 150o , 390o , 510o , ......
72???? (4-1) ?? ????????? 3x -7 lt 8
??????? ??? 7 ??? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?????
3x - 7 7 lt 8 7 or 3x lt 15 ?????? ???????
??? 3 ???? ?? x lt 5 ???? ???? ?? ??? ????
????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? (-? , 5) ????
(4-2) ?? ????????? -7 - 3x lt 5x 29
??????? ???? 5x ?? ??????? ??? ?? -7 - 8x lt
29 ???? ??????? ?? (-1) ???? ????? ?????????
???? ??7 8x gt -29 ???? 7 ?? ??????? ????
????????? ??? 8x gt -36 ????? ??????? ??? 8
???? ??? ???? x gt -9/2 ????? ??????? ?? ????
??? ???? ???? ???? ??? x ?? ?????? ( -9/2 , ?)
73???? (4-3) ???? ??? x ?? ????????? 3/x lt 5
??? ??? ( x ? 0 ) ??????? ?????? ?????????
???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? x ??????? ????
???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? x ????? ?? ?????
??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????
?? x gt 0 ?? ?? x ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? x
???? ????? ????????? ???? ?? 3 lt 5x ????????
??? 5 ???? ?? x gt 3/5 ???? ???? ???? ??? ??
???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????
??????????? x gt 0 , x gt 3/5. ??? ?????? ??
?? ??? ???? ?? 3/5 ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????
?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? x ?? ?????? ( 3/5 , ?
)
74????? ???? ?? x lt 0 ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? x
???? ????? ????????? ???? ?? 3 gt 5x or 3/5 gt
x ???? ???? ?? ??? x ???? ???? ???? ???????????
x lt 0 , x lt 3/5 ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??
???? ??? x ?? ?????? (- ? , 0) ???????
??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??
???? ??????? x ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????
0 , 3/5 ??? (4-4)
3/5 ?) (-? 0 ??? (4-4)
75???? (4-4) ???? ??? x ?? ?????????
??? ??? x ?-2 ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????
?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???
??? (x 2) ???? ?? ????. ?????? ?????? x
2 gt 0 ?????? ?? 3( x 2 ) ???? ?? 6x -
9 lt x 2 ?????? ( 9 - x ) ??? ??? ?? ???????
??? ?? 5x lt 11 or x lt 11/5 ???? ????
????? ?? x 2 gt 0 ??? x ??? ?? ???? ???? ??
(-2) ???? ?? 11/5 ?? ?? -2 lt x lt 11/5 ?? ??
??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? x ?? ?????? ( -2 ,
11/5 )
76?????? ??????? x 2 lt 0 ?????? ?? 3( x 2
) ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? 6x - 9 gt x
2 ????? ???? ??? 5x gt 11 or x gt 11/5
??? ??? ?????? ???? x ??? ?? -2 ????? ?? 11/5
???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????
???? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ( -2 ,
11/5 ) ??? ?? ??? (4-5)
11/5( 0 )-2 ??? (4-5)
77-2 ?????? ??????? Absolute Value ???? ??????
??????? ???? ???? a ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???
??? ??? ????? a ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????
????? ?????? ?? -a ??????? ??????? ????? ?????
???? ??????? ????? ?a? ??????? ??? ??????
??????? ????? a ? ????? ?7? 7 , ?-13? 13 ,
?2-5? ?-3? 3
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????
?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??
????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?a
b? ? ?a? ?b?
78????? ??? ??? a -3 , b -7 ? ??? ?(-3)
(-7)? ?-10? 10 ????? ???? ?-7? 3 7
10 ?-3? ?? ?? ?(-3) (-7)? ?-3? ?
-7? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????
?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?(3)
(-7)? ?-4? 4 ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????
??????? ?? ?-7? 3 7 10 ?3? ?? ??
?(3) (-7)? lt ?3? ?-7?
79????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????
?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????
??????? ? ?? ??
????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???
?????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ?a . b ? ?a ?. ? b
? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????
???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????
??????? ????? ?? ??
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????
??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??
???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ???????
80???? (4-5) ???? ???? x ?? ?x-7? 3
????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???
???????? ???? ?? x - 7 3 or -3 ???? ?? ????
???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? 3 ???? ??? x
-7 3 ??? x 10 ??? ??? ??? x - 7 -3 ???
x 4 ???? ???? ?????? ??????? x ??????
???????? ???????? ?? ?? x 4 , x 10
81???? (4-6) ?? ???????? ?2x-6? ?4 -
5x? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? 2x - 6 4 - 5x
and 2x - 6 - (4 - 5x) ??? ??? ?? ?????
?????????? ???? ??? ?????? x 10/7 , x
-2/3
82?????? ??? ???? x ?? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?x?lt
4 ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? x ?? ??? ?? ??????
??????? ?? -4 ??? 4 ???? ???????? ??? ??????
??? ??? ????? ???? ?? x ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? (-4
, 4) ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? -4 lt
x lt 4 ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????
????????? ?x?lt 4 ??????? ??? ?x - 3?lt 5 ???? ??
x - 3 ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ( -5 , 5 ) ?????
???? ??????? ??? ????????? -5 lt x - 3 lt 5
?? ?? ???? x ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ??
??????? ??????? . ??????? 3 ??? ??? ?? ?????
????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? -2 lt x lt 8
???? ???? ?? x ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? (-2 , 8 )
??? ?? ??? (4-6 )
)8 0 -2( ??? (4-6 )
83???? (4-7) ???? ??? x ??? ??? ?2 - 5x? lt 3
??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? -3
lt 2 - 5x lt 3 ???? 2 ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? -5
lt -5x lt 1 ??????? ??? -5 ???? ????? ?? ??
?????????? ??????? ?? 1 gt x gt -1/5 ?????? ???
???????? ?? ??? x ?? ?????? ???????? (-1/5 , 1)
??? ?? ??? (4-7 ).
)1 0 -1/5( ??? (4-7)
844-3 ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? Constant
and Variables
-3-1 ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????
?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????
..... ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? 1- ????
????? ????? ??? 1 , 2 , 3 , 1/2 , 3/4 , 12
...... 2- ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????
??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? a , b , c , d ,
.... ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????
??????? ???????? ??????? Absolute Constants
????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????
????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?
?????? 22/7 ?? 3.14159 ??????. 4-3-2 ???????
???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??
???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????
????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???
????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????
??? ??????? ? ??? ????? ? ??????? ? ????? ?????
?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
854-4 ?????? Function
????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? x ??????? ????
????? ?????? ??? y ????? ???? ?? y ???? ?? x
????? ???? y f (x) , y ? (x) ????? x
????? ????? Independent Variable ????? ???? y
???????? ?????? Dependent Variable ??? ?? ???? ??
???? x ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? y ?????? ??? ???????
??? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??? ??? ??????? y ???? ??
??????? x ??? ??????? x ???? ?? ???? ???? ????
??????? y ?? ??? ??? ????????? y f ( (x )
???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? x f (y) ??? ??????
?????? ???? x ??????? ??????? ? y ??????? ??????
. ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? y ??????? ???????
? x ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ???????? ???
??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????
??????? ???? ?????.
86?????? ??????? ??????? ???
?????? y x2 y sin x y log x ?????? ??????? x ? x sin 1y x ey
874-4-1 ????? ?????? Types of Functions
- (1) ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????
- ?????? ???????
- ?????? ????? ????? (?????????)
- y sin x , y log10 x
88(2) ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????
??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??
??????? ??? ????? (-x) ???? ?? x ?? ??? ???? f
(-x) f (x) ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????
?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? (-x) ???? ?? x ??
?? f (-x) f (x) ????? y x2 5 ????
(-x) ???? ?? x ???? ?? y ( -x)2 5 x2 5
?? ?? y f (-x) f (x) ? ??? ???? ?????
Even function
??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? y 2x3 - 4x
???? (-x) ???? ?? x ???? ?? y 2 (-x)3 - 4
(-x) 2x3 4x - (2x3 - 4x) -y ?? ?? (f
(-x) - f (x ????? ???? ?????? ????? add
function ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????
?????
89???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? cos -x
cos x ???? ????? sin -x - sin x ???? ?????
tan -x - tan x ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????
?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????. ???
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????
?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? (y) ??????
?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????.
90(3) ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????
?- ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? y
???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? x ???? ?????.
??????? y x2 - 3 ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???
???? x ?????? (1) ??? y ???? ?????? (-2) ????
???? x ?????? (3) ??? y ???? ???? ????? ?? (6)
?- ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????
???? y ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? x ???? ????? ???.
??????? y ?x ???? ??? ???? x ?????? (4)
???? ??? y ???? ?????? ?2 ?? ?????? ????????? ??
??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????
?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??
??? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???????? ?????
???? ?????? y sin-1 x ???? ???? (x) ??????
1/2 ??? y ????? 30o ?? 30o 360o ? 30o
720o ? 30o 1080o ????? ??? y ???? ?? ???? ???
??????? ?? ????? ... ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????
?????.
91(4) ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?- ??????
??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???
??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????
??????? y f (x) ?? ???? ????? ?? y ?????
?????? x ????? ?????? y ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
Explicit Function ???????? ??????? x. ? ? ??????
??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????
???? x , y ??? ?????????? f (x , y) 0 ??? ??
y ???? ????? Implicit Function ??????????? xy2
- sin y 3 ???? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ???????
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???
x2 - 3xy 4x - 2y 1 ???
??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????
??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????
??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????
y 3x2 -5 ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????
???? y - 3x2 5 0 ?? y -
3x2 -5
92(5) ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? y
f (x) ??? ?? ???? ?????? y ?????? ???? ?????
??????? x ??????? ??? ???? y ???? ?? ????? ???? x
?? ??? y ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????. ?? ???
??? ???? y ???? ???? ???? ?????? x ???? ?? y
????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????
??????? ??????? ??????? .....????? ??????
??????? y 3 1/x ???? ??????? ????? x
1/y - 3 ???? ?????.
(6) ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???
x ?- ?????? ??????? ????? ??? x ?? ??????
???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? x ?? ????
???? ??? ?????? ???????
????? ???? x ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? y ??? ????
?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????.
93? ? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? x ??????
???????
???? ??? ????? ????? ??? x ??????? ?????? ????
????? ????? x 0 ?? x ????? ?? ???? ????? ???.
??? ??? ???? x ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???
?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? x
???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????
???? ??? ????? ...... ????? ?? ???? ???????? -1/2
??-3/4 ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????
????????? ??? -?. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????
????? ??? x ????? x3 , x1 ???? ????? ????????
???? ?????? ??? ?????.
94(7) ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????
??? ?????
???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? x 1
?? ???????? ???????
? ??????
?? ???? ??? ????? ????? x 1
95???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????
????? ??? ????? ???????
??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? f(x) 2 ????? x 1 ???
????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? x ???? ?????
?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???
????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????
?????? ????? ??? ??????
96???? ????? ??? ????????
??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? limit ???? ?? ?????
??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????
????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????
???? ????????.
97-5 ????? ?????? The limit of function ???? ??
y f (x) ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????
xa ???? ?????? f (x ) ???? ????? ?? ??????? A
????? ????? x ?? a ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????
???? ??? ? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????
??? ? ???? ??? ????? ??? x ???? ???? ?????????
????
????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????
?????? (4-8) ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? y
f (x) ??? ???
98(No Transcript)
99??? ?? ?????????
????? ????? ?????????
????? ??? ?? ?? ????? x ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? a
????? ?? ? ??????? ??? M ??? ????? ?????? ???
?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? 2???????
?????????? y A ? , y A - ? ?????? ??? ??
??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? a ???
?????? ??????? ????? x?a ??? ????? ????? ???? ??
??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??
???? a ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???
100???? (4-9) ???? ??
????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????
??? ????? ??? x 2 ????? ?? ????? (0/0)
???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????
? ???? ? ????? ???? ???? ?????????
??? ????
????? ????? x ?2 ??? ????????? ?????? ?????
????????? .
????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????
??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ? ?
???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????
???? ??? ??????? 4 ????? x?2. ???? ?????? ???? ??
???? f (x) ????? ?? ??????? A ????? x?a
101????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? x ???? ???
????? ??? ??a ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? f
(x) ?????? ?A ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? f (x)
A ? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? .... ????
??? ????? ???? ?????? x ?? a ???? ?????.
??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????
?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???
?????? ???????.
-5-1 ???????? ???????? ???????? Basic Theorems of
limits ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????
?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???
??????.
???? (4-10)
102????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????
????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? .
???? (4-11) ??? ???
????????? ???? ???? ?????? f(x) ??? ???? ????
??? ?????? g (x) , f (x) ?????
?????? ????? ??????? f (x) h (x) ??? ??
103 ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????
????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????
?????? ?? ????? ????.
???? (4-12)
104???? (4-13) ???? ????
????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? x 2
??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????
??? ????? ?????? f ( ?) ???? ??? ????? x ? 2
??
??? ?????? g (x) ????? ????? ??? x ??? ????? ??
f (x) g (x) ???????? ??? x 2 ???? ??? ????
??????? ???????? ??
105-5-2 ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????
??????
?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????
????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????
...... ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???
??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????
??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? A O M ??????
x ??? 0 lt x lt ?/2 ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? AN
??? ?? ????? AM ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? AC ??
?? ltAC
lt
AN ???????? ??? OA ???? ??
106?????? ???? ?????? ??? sin x
??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?? x gt 0
???? ?????? ??
???? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? x ???????
???? ??
??? ??????
??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? (?????? ) ????
??? ????
107????? ??? ?? x ????? ???????? ??????? ???
???? (4-14)
( ???? ????? x ?0 ??? 8x ? 0 ???? )
108???? (4-15)
109????? ? ???????
??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? n ??????? ???????
???????? . ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? y x - a
?????? x?a ??? y ?0 ????????? ?? ????????
??????? ???? ??
????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??
????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??
???? ?????? x ?? a ???? y ??? ????? ????? ???
110???? (4-16)
???? (4-17)
111????? ? ???????
??? e 2.7182818 ?????? ????????? ?????
??????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????
????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????
?? ????? ????? n ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????
??????? ??? ??? 3 , 2.5 ????? ?? ?????? e ????
??? ??????
????? ?? ??????? e ????? ????? x ?? ???? ????? .
???? ????? u 1/x ???? ????? x ? ? ??? ?? u
?0 ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????
???????
112???? (4-18)
???? (4-19)
113(No Transcript)
1146- ???? ??????? Differential Calculus
- 6-1 ??????? ?????? ??????
- ??? ???? y f (x) ?? ???? ????? ???? ????
????? - ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????
x ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? A ??? ????
??????? ????? ??? ?????? x ??????? B ????? ???
?????? x ?x ??? ?x ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???
??????? ??????? x ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????
??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??
??????? ???????.
0 A B x
115- ????????? x , x ?x ??????? ??????? ????????
?????? ??????? ?????? ??? - y , y ?y
- ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??
- y f (x)
- ??? ?????? ???????? ????
- y ?y f (x ?x)
- ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? y ?????
??????? ?x ?? x - ? ?y f (x ?x) f (x)
- ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??
?????? (y) ??????? ???x ?? ?????? (x , (x
?x)) ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????
?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??
116- ???? ?? ?y ????? ??? ?x ??? ?????? ?????
????? ??? ?x ????? ????? ???? ?x ??? ????? ??? ?y
???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
????? ???? ?x ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????
??????x) )? f ?? )? y) ?? ?? ?? Dy ?? Df
117- ???? (6-1) ???? ??????? ?????? ??????
????? x gt 0 ?????????
????? ??????? ??? ??????
118- ??????
- ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ..
???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ?????
?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????
????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????.
119-1-1 ?????? The velocity ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????
???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? s f (t) ??? ?? "s
"?? ??????? ? "t "?? ????? ???? ????????
?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????
????? ?? ???? ?? "t "??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???
?? ????? "t"???? ????? ?????? "s "???? s
f(t) ??? ????? t ?t ???? ????? ?? ?????? s
?s f (t ?t) ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? t ???
???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?s f (t ?t)
f (t)
120????? ?? ?????? ????????Average velocity ?? ????
???? ??????? ??????? ?????
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? t ?? ????? ??????
???????? ?????
? ?? ??
??? ????? ??????? ???? ??
121?????????? (6-2) ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????
???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????
??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????
??? ?? s ??????? ? t ????? ? g ????
???????? ??????? . ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????
??????? ?????
122(No Transcript)
123-1-2 ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????
The Geometric meaning of the Derivative
??? ???? ?????? f(x) ???? ????? ?? ??? ????
?????? ????? ??? ?????? y f(x) ???????? ??
????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? P(x,y) , Q(x
?x, y?y) ???? ????? ?????? PQ??? ????? ???
??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??
??????? ((? ???? ????
124?? ?? ??? ??????
???? ??????
?? ????? ??? ?????? Q ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????
P ????? ?????? ??? ?????? P ????? ?????? ?????? P
????? ????
????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?????
????? P ?????
? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
????? ?????? PQ ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? P
???? ???? tan? ??? ??? ????
?? ?? ???? ???????
??? ???? ????? x ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????
f (x) ??? ?????? (x , y).
125- ????????? (6-3)
- ???? ??? ?????? ??????? 3 y x2 ??? ??????
(1,4) P ?????????? - ???? ?????? tan ? 2x
? - ??? ?????? ??? ?????? P (1,4) ??
- tan? f,(1) 2 x 12
126- 6-2 ???????? ???????? ???????
- The fundamental laws of differentiation
- ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??
???? x (????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???) ???? ????
y c ??? c ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? y ????
???? x ?? ??? ??????? ?x ?? x ???? ??????? ?y
?????? ?????? ????? - ???? ???? ?? ?????? y c ???? ?? ?????? ?????
???? x ????? ????? ???
127- ?????? ????? ?????? y x n ??? n ??? ?????
???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????. - ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????
????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
128- ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? y c. f(x)
??? c ????? ???? - ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????
????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????
?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????
???????. - ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????
??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? - y u(x) v(x) w(x)
- ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????
??????? (x)??? ??????( ) ????
129(No Transcript)
130- ???? (6-4) ???? ????? ??????
- 9 5x y 12 x3 - 6x2
- ????????
- ???? (6-5) ???? ????? ??????
- ?????????
131- ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????
- ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????
??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ?? - ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??
??????? ??????? ??? ??? - ???? ??
132??? ?? v , u ?? ????? ???
????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??
????? u f(x) ???? ????? ??????? ???????
???????? ???
????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????
????? ???
133???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????
??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ... ???? ??? ?????
???? ??? ???? ???? y u . v . w ???? ????
????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? u ?? (vw) ???? ??
134????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????
???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???
un..... y u1 u2 ???
????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???
?????? ??????
???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? u.v .... ?????
???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???
?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??
135???? (6-6) ???? ??????? ?? x ?????? y ( x2
2x) (3x 1) ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???
???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? u
( x22x) , v(3x1) ??????? ????? ???? ???
?????? ???? ??
136- ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????
- ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? (????
?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???
???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ) ?????? ??? ????
???? ??????.
???????? ??? ???? c ????? ???? ? v ???? ????
??????? ???
137- 6-3 ????? ????????
- ???? ??
- ???? ?????
- ??? ?????? ?? "u "???? ??" x "????? ?? ???? ???
??? - u f(x)
- ???? ??? ??????? ????????
- ???? ???? " u " ???? ?? ?????? ???? " x " ????
????? y f (u) ?u f(x) ??? - y f f(x)
- ????? ???? ??????.
- ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???
- y sin x3
138- ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????
- y sin u sin (x)3
- ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????.
- ????? ???? ??????
- ??? ????
- g(x) u? y f(u)
- ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????y
fg(x) ???? ???????? - ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????
?????? ??? ??? - y f(u) , u ?(t) , t ?(x)
- ???
139????(6-7) ???? ????? ?????? 3(y (1
x2 ????????? ??? u ?(x) 1 x2 ?????
y f(u) u3 ????? ??????? ???????? 2x .
2(1 x2). 2x 3. 3 u2
????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???
?????? ???????? u ?????? ????? ??????
???????? y ??????? ????? ????? ??? 2(1 x2)
3 ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? (??????
????????) ??????? ??? x ?? (2x) .
140- ???????? (6-8) ???? ????? ??????
- ??????????
141- 6-4 ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????
- ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????
???? ?? ?????? - f (x , y) 0
- ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
??????? ??????? - ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????
??????? x ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? - f(x , y , dx/dy ) 0
- ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? dy/dx)) ????? ?????
?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??
dy/dx)) ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? . - ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? dy/dx)) ????? ????
??? ??????? ???????? .
142- ???? (6-9) ???? ??????? ?????? dy/dx)) ?????? x
,y ?????? ??????? ?????? - x2 3xy 5y2 6x - 3y 12 0
- ????????
- ????? x2 ?? 2x ??? ???? 3xy ???? ?????? ???
??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? dy/dx)
3y ) 3x ?? ??? ?? ????? 5y2 ?? 10y (dy/dx) ?
????? 6x ?? 6 ?????? -3y ?? -3 (dy/dx) ?????? 12
?? ????? ??? - 2x 3x(dy/dx) 3y 10y(dy/dx) 6- 3(dy/dx)
0 - (dy/dx) x (3x 10 y -3) -2x-3y -6
143- ????(6-10) ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????
- y5 3x2 y3 - 7x6 - 8 0
- ???????????
-
5y4
3y2 . 3x2
3y3. 2x - 42x5 0
144-5 ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ? ?? sin ? , cos ? , tan ? , cot ? , sec ?
, cosec ? ?? sin x , cos x , tan x , cot x , sec
x , cosec x ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ????
????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??
?? f(x na) f(x) ??? a ???? ? n ??? ????
.???? ?? ???????? sin x, cos x ??????????? cosec
x , sec x ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? (2?) ????
??? 2?) sin x x)sin 2?) cos x x)cos
145????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? sin 0 0 ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? (1) ??? x?/2 ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? x ? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? (-1) ??? x 3?/2 ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? x 2? y sin x
146???? ?? sin x ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????
2? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? 2? ???? ???
?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? sin (-x) - sin
x ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? .
???? ????? ?? ?????? sin x ?????? ??? ?? ????
??????? x ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? .
147???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? cos x y
????? ???? ???? ??????? (1) ????? x0 ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? (-1) ??? x ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? x 3?/2 ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? (1) ???x 2? y cos x
?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? cos (-x)
cos x ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????
?????? ?? ????? ?????? cos x ???? ?? ????? ??????
sin x ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?/2
??? ???? ?? ???????
148???? ??? ???????? y tan x , y cot x
?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ? ??? tan (? x)
tan x , cot (? x) cot x ???? ????? ??? x.
y tanx
1- ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? x ???????? ????
??? ?????
?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????
149???? ???? ?? ???????
??? ????? ?????? cos x ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????
??? ????? ??? ??? ?????. 2- ?????? tan x ????? ??
?? tan (-x) -tan x. 3- ?????? tan x ??? ?????
????? ?? ???? ????? ?? -? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??????
??? ?????. 4- ?????? ????? ?????? ?.
150????? ??????? ????? ?????? y cot x ?? ?????
?????? tan x ??????? ??
?? ?? ???????? sin x , cos x ??????? ??
?????? ?????? y cot x ???? ?????? ?? ????
????? ??? ??? ??? x ???? ????? ????? ?????? sin x
?? ??? ????? x n? , n 0, 1 , 2 ????
?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????
????? cot (-x) -cot x
??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ????? ?????
???? ????? ??? -? ? ?.
151???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? sec x ?????????
????? ?????? cos x ???? ??? ??? sec x ????
?????? ?? ???? ??? x ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????
????? cos x ?? ???
??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????
??????? sec (-x) sec ? ??? ???? ????? ??????
2?
???? ?? ??? ?????? cos x ?? (-1 , 1) ??? ???
?????? sec x ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??
?????? ???????? (-1 , 1) ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? y 1.
152??????? ?????? y cosec x ???? ???? ???????
??????? ???? ????? ?????? sin x ??? ?????? ??
???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? x ????
??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? x
n? , n 0 , 1 , 2 ???? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? (-1 , 1)
??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????
?????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? 2?.
153??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????
?????? y sin x ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????????
?????? ????? ?????? sin x ??? ???? ???? ????? sin
x ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????
???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ???? ???
??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? y sin
x ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???
154(No Transcript)
155???? ???? "U " ??? ???? ?? x ????? ??????? ?? u
? (x) ????? y sin u ??? ????? ???? ??????
???? ???
???? (6-11) ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????
?????????
156?????? ????? ?????? y cos x ????? ??
????? ???? ??
???? ???? y cos u ??? u ? (x) ???
157?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? y tan
x ??? ??
??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??
???? ???? y tan u ??? u ? (x) ???
158?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? y cot
x ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???
????
?? ??? ???? ??
???? ??????? ??????? ???????. ?? ??
159(No Transcript)
160?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? y sec
x ?????? ????? sec x ???
161?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? y cosec
x ??????? ??
162???? (6-12) ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????
????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??
163(No Transcript)
164?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
??????
165-6 ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??
?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
??????? ???? ???? (e) ????? ??? ??? ???? ??
??????? ???????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???
?????? (e) ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? Log
x ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? Ln x ???????? ??
?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? a
???? ?????? ???????
??????? 10 ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????
???????? ??????????
???? ???? y loga x ?? ???? ?????????? ???
???? a ???? ?? 0 ? x ? ? ???? ??????
??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??
166(No Transcript)
167???
?????
????? ???????? ????? ? x ? 0 ??????? ??? ?????
? x ? 0 ??? m ? 0
????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???
???? ( a ) ??
168??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????
(e) ???? ??????? ??
????? ??? ??? y Ln u ??? u ? ( x )
???
???????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ( a )
????
????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????
169???? (6-13) ???? ????? ?????? y Loga
(x2 2 ) ??????????
???? (6-14) ???? ??????? ??? x ??????
?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????
???? ?????????? ????
170???? (6-15) ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? y
Ln sin x ??????????????
171-7 ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????
y f ( x ) ???? ????? x ? ( y )
(???????? ?????? ?????) ???? ???? ?????? ???????
??? ?????? y ?????
?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? x ????
?????? y f ( x ) ?????
?????
?? ??
172??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? x ? ( y
) ??????? ??? x ????? ?? ???????? ?? y ????
?? x ??? ??
??? ??????? .
173??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????
?????? y sin-1 x ????? ???? ?????? ?? y
????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? x ?? ?? x sin
y ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????
?????? ??????? ???????
??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? x
sin y ??????? ??? y
174 ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????
y sin-1 x ???? ???? ?? ??????
???????? ???? cos y ? 0 ???? ???? u ????
??????? x ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????
??
175???? (6-16) ???? ????? ?????? y ???????
??? x ??? ??? y sin-1 (tan x )
?????????????
176????? ?????? y cos-1 x ?? ?????
??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????
x cos y
" ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????
???? ????? ?? x cos y ???????
??? " y " ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????.
( ??? u ???? ??????? x ).
177????? ?????? y tan-1 x ???? ???
?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? x tan y
???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? x ?? ?????? - ? ?
x ? ? ????? ?????? ??????
?? ?? ????? ??
??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
??????? x tan y
( ??? u ???? ??????? x ) .
178?????? ?????? cot-1 x , cosec-1 x ,
sec-1 x ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????
?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????
179???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? "u " ????
??????? " x " ???
180???? (6-17) ????
?????? y tan-1 ( tan x
) ??????????????
?????? d y /d x ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????
??????? x .. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????
???? ??????? tan-1 (tan x ) ??? ????
??????? ???? ???? ?? x ????? ?? ??????? x
?????? x ??????? ?? x ????? ?????? ??????
181???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????
???????? ?????? y sin-1 ( sin x ) x y
cos-1 (cos x ) x y tan-1 (tan x )
x ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? . ????
(6-18) ???? d y / d x ?????? y cot-1 x3
?????????????
182-8 ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??
?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? x loga y
???? ?????? ?????? y ax (??? - ? ? x ? ?
, a ? 0) ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? y ax
????? ????????? ???????????? x loga y
??????? ??? x
??? ?? ???? a e ???
( ??? Ln e 1 )
183????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? y ln x , y ex ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? y x ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? y ex ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? y ex ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????.
184???? (6-19) ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????
????????
???????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???
x ???
185-9 ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????
????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??
??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? " x "??????? ???
????x ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? x ??
??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????
?????????? ?????? e ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????
????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? u , v
?????? ????? x y uv ? ln y ln uv v ln
u ????????? ??????? ??? x ???? ???
186??????? ?? y uv ???? ??
187?????? (6-20) ???? ????? ?????? y
xx ???????????
188-10 ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?? y ???? x
????? ????????? ??????????? x f (t) ,
y ?(t)
????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????
????? ???????? ????? ???? ?x ???????? ?t ???
????? ????
189?????? (6-21) ???? ???? (dy/dx) ?????? y f
(x) ??????? ??????????? ????????????? x a cos
t , y a sin t ???????
190-11 ???????? ?????? ?????? Derivative of Higher
Orders ??? ???? y f (x) ???? ???? ????????
??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? dy/dx
f'(x) ???? ???? f(x) ????? ???? ??????? ????
???? ???? ???????
???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? y ??????? ??
???? ??? ??????? ????? ??