Gallipoli

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• Gallipoli
• Campaign
• UK, France,
• Australia,
• New Zealand
• vs.
• Ottoman Empire

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• 1) Gallipoli assault a new front by Britain (w/
  Australia New Zealand) and France on the
  Ottoman Turks, to try and break the stalemate of
  WWI.
• An attempt to
• - Capture the Ottoman capital (Constantinople)
• - Knock the Turks (and a German ally) out of the
  war
• - Control the Dardanelles Bosporus Straits for
  access to the Black Sea, to help supply
  Russia, reinforce the Eastern Front, and
  take pressure off the Western Front.
• Result total failure.
• Stalemate, trench
• warfare, 250,000
• Allied casualties.

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• 2) Soldiers recruited from imperial colonies
• - Most wanted nothing to do with their European
  rulers conflicts (not their fight!)
• - Some volunteered to fight in support of their
  colonial rulers, seeking respect
• and independence after the war???
• 3) German navy relied on SUBMARINE warfare.
• Goal was to starve
• Allies (esp. Britain)
• out of the war, by
• depriving them of
• necessary war materiel
• and resources.

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• 4) German unrestricted submarine warfare
• The targeting and sinking of any and all ships
  around Britain, without warning, and regardless
  of which nations flag the ship might be sailing
  under.
• The Germans initially had this naval strategy,
  but backed off it in 1915, after strong protests
  (from the U.S.) for sinking the passenger ship
  Lusitania.
• Though the Germans knew they were risking the
  entry of the U.S. into the war against them as an
  Allied power by returning to this strategy in
  1917, they gambled that they could starve Britain
  out of the war before the U.S. had time to
  mobilize troops to Europe.
• (By then Russia was out of the war, and the
  Germans hoped to deliver knock-out blow on
  Western Front before U.S. arrived).

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• 5) Reasons for U.S. entry into WWI
• - Unrestricted submarine warfare on all
  shipping
• to Britain (including U.S. ships)
• - Zimmerman Telegram Germans attempt to
• get Mexico to join Central Powers, to tie up
  
• U.S. military in North America (and delay
  U.S.
• support of Allies)... Mexico would
• (in theory) get SW U.S. states back (lost in
  
• Mexican-American War of 1846-1848)
• in return for support.
• - U.S. economic ties (trade) w/ Allied Powers

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• 6) Total War all national resources (economic,
  political, social) are poured the into war
  effort...
• no longer any distinction between combatant
  and non-combatant... everything and everyone
  becomes a target including civilians.
• 7) Economic impact of total war by governments
• Government takes control of the economy, directs
  all major industrial production
• AND consumption, in the form of RATIONING
  consumer goods toward the war effort.

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• 8) Governments also try to actively manage
  public perceptions about the war
• I. Limit public disapproval
• - Suppress anti-war activity (with violent
  force, if necessary).
• - Censorship
• - State controlled media (i.e. newspapers)
• - Sedition laws (prohibiting anti-war
  speech)
• - Propaganda
• Keep citizens intimidated (afraid) or ignorant
  (misinformed)!

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• 8) Governments control of public perceptions
  (cont.)
• II. Encourage public approval of war
• Propaganda, designed to persuade the public
  to continue their support of the war effort.
• Propaganda one-sided information presented
  to influence popular thinking toward a point of
  view.
• GOALS
• 1. demonize dehumanize the enemy
• 2. provide hope, inspiration, justification
  for actions (we're winning, they're
  losing!)
• 3. Recruit soldiers
• 4. encourage purchase of government war bonds
  to help fund the cost of war

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• QUALITIES of EFFECTIVE propaganda
• 1. Simple (uncomplicated, brief)
• 2. Emotional (no thinking required only
  reaction)
• 3. Repetitive!
• Control of the media, and propaganda, creates
  the ability to manage information that informs
  peoples' opinions emotions, and their resulting
  behavior.
• Danger to democratic societies
• Citizen decisions (voting!) determine the
  quality of government... a poorly or mis-informed
  public will make poor and mis-informed decisions,
  resulting in bad leaders bad policies!
• (Problems of modern democratic societies
  propaganda comes as much or more from
  corporate media as it does from the government!)

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• 9) Government propaganda censorship are not
  always effective the truth always leaks out
• - casualty lists in newspapers
• - letters home from the front
• - first-hand stories of wounded soldiers back
  from the front
• - Physically (and psychologically) injured
  soldiers returning from the front (visible
  evidence of war trauma)
• - fighting in your town?!
• - the reality that stalemate and the war - is
  not ending!
• (Today e-mail, cell-phone cameras, internet,
  Wikileaks, etc.)

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• 10) Impact of WWI on women
• - With citizen armies of drafted men, women take
  on non-traditional roles in the labor force
  (i.e. working in factories,
  manufacturing munitions weapons).
• - Served as nurses at the war front
• This changes traditional perceptions of what
  women were capable of in society this will lead
  to womens SUFFRAGE immediately after WWI!

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• 11) Russian withdrawal from WWI
• Suffering from war-related shortages of food
  and fuel, combined with massive casualties,
  starving civilians and suffering soldiers both
  turn on the Czar, forcing him to step down from
  his throne (abdicate).
• Theres no longer any
• nationalist sense of
• duty to king country
• only a desperate sense
• of survival takes over Russia!

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• 12) Russias government changes
• From absolute monarchy (Czar)
• to a PROVISIONAL (temporary,
  interim) government (1917)
• to a COMMUNIST DICTATORSHIP,
  following a revolution civil war (1917- 1922)
• 13) Russian withdrawal from WWI helps Germany
  
• This ends the two-front war for Germany
  Germans can then redeploy troops from
  Eastern front to Western front, against France
  Britain
• (and the U.S.?)

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• 14) WHY GERMANY LOSES AND WWI ENDS
• 1. After major German offensives in 1918, the
  Allies keep fighting the German military is
  weakened after 4 years of fighting Germany is
  unable to replenish lost war supplies or
  soldiers
• Germany loses war of attrition
• Also ongoing British naval blockade of Germany
  limits German resources German civilians are
  going hungry
• 2. U.S. enters war (gives Allied Powers decisive
  advantage, including ability to replenish
  supplies, troops WIN war of attrition)

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• 14) WHY GERMANY LOSES AND WWI ENDS
• 3. Central Powers collapse
• Bulgarians Ottoman Turks surrender,
  Austria-Hungary experiences ethnic unrest within
  their borders, collapses into multiple republics.
• 4. Governments collapse, monarchies are toppled
• - Austro-Hungarian monarch steps down
• - Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates following loss of
  public support (Germans are starving) and
  military mutinies (in the navy). He is no
  longer viewed as the legitimate German ruler.

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• Collapse of Ottoman Empire
• Allies stir up Arab nationalist groups in the
  Ottoman Empire to weaken, and ultimately destroy
  it from within (be careful what you wish for?)
• Lawrence of Arabia!

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• 15) Following the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm
  II (and the end of the Second Reich), Germany
  forms a REPUBLIC. The Kaiser lives out his
  days in exile, in Holland.

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• 16) WWI ends on November 11, 1918
• Armistice an agreement to stop fighting
• (aka, a cease-fire).
• Treaty document that officially ends war,
  with signed terms conditions
• 17) Effects of WWI
• - Massive casualties (death, physical
  injuries, psychological injuries), from combat,
  starvation, and disease (including the
  Spanish Influenza epidemic of 1918)
  affects soldiers AND civilians (total war!)
• Europes lost generation

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• 17) Effects of WWI (continued)
• - Physical destruction along war fronts
  (farms, homes, villages, towns, infrastructure)
• - Economic collapse of European nations
  (drained public treasuries, consumer
  shortages, high unemployment)
• nations drained of blood and treasure
• - For survivors, a sense of disillusionment,
  insecurity, despair, hopelessness,
  futility (further reflected in the art and
  literature of that era)

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• WWI DEATHS (numbers rounded)
• military civilian total
• Russia 1,800,000 1,500,000 3,300,000
  
• Ottoman Empire (Turkey) 772,000
  2,150,000 2,900,000
• Germany 2,050,000 426,000 2,500,00
  0
• France 1,400,000 300,000 1,700,00
  0
• Austria-Hungary 1,100,000 467,000 1,600,000
• Italy 651,000 589,000 1,240,000
• UK (Great Britain) 887,000
  109,000 1,000,000
• USA 117,000 757
  118,000
• TOTAL ALL 9,700,000
  6,800,000 16,500,000
• includes deaths from military action, famine,
  and disease
• includes at least 1 million deaths from the
  Armenian Genocide
• includes other nations not listed
• STATISTICS DO NOT INCLUDE DEATHS FROM THE
  SPANISH FLU (1918-1920), WHICH KILLED AT LEAST
  ANOTHER 50 MILLION PEOPLE!