Magyarorsz

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Four Elements of Environment FEE
SOCRATES Comenius 1- School Partnership
3nd project meeting in KATOWICE Zespól Szkól
Zawodowych i Ogólnoksztalcacych nr 5 im. rtm.
Witolda Pileckiego Közgazdasági Politechnikum,
Budapest
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History of Hungary
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Settle down in Carpatian Basin

• The Hungarians came across the Carpatian
  Mountains and conquer the basin in 896. They had
  came from the Ural during a couple of century.
  After the settling the Hungarians changed their
  lifestyle. It was the period of challanging and
  the Hungarians initiate campaigns to Europe
  caused fear among the Western countries (German
  Roman Empire).

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The Hungarians way to the basin
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Establish of the State

• Lord Géza changed his belief, he became
  christian at the end of the 10th century. His
  son, St. Stephen was the first king of Hungary.
  The christian religion was spread by his
  direction in the country and he played an
  important role in creating the feudalism. The
  country prospered controlled by Stephen and the
  kings after him. Hungary became an important
  country in Eastern Europe.

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Fear from the Tartars (the Mongols) and the
Ottomans

• This improvoing period was interrupted by the
  campaing of the Tartars. The Tartars coming from
  Asia defeated the Hungarian armies and get the
  country in trouble (1241). By the next year they
  had left the Carpatian Basin and during IV.
  Bélas reign the dameges were restored. In the
  middle of the 15th century the Ottomans turned up
  in the South and the Hungarians couldnt ease
  them to 1686. Hungary was able to stop them for
  sometime but they completely defeated the
  Hungarian armies in Mohács in 1526. II. King
  Lajos died in the battle and the Turkish Empire
  conquered Buda in 1541.

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The diveded country

• The country divided into three parts The
  Habsburg family reigned in the North. The South
  belonged to Turkey in the same time there was
  Hungarian control in Transylvania. The state of
  Transylvania depended on relationship between
  Austria and Turkey. The ottomans controlled the
  southern areas for 150 years causing a lot of
  conflicts in this region. We conquered Buda in
  1686 and it was the beginning of getting back our
  independence. The ottomans left Hungary in 1700
  once and for all.

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Figth for freedom (Rákóczi)

• The Emperor of Austria took over the conrol in
  Hungary after Ottoman occupation. The new emperor
  ignored the Hungarians interests and kept them
  away from controlling of the country. He linked
  Hungary to the Habsburg Empire in 1703. Hungary
  started to fight for freedom in 1703 (Rákóczi
  Ferenc played an important role in the fights).
  Our armies couldnt defeat the Habsburg Empire
  thats why the fights were finished by an
  agreement in 1711.

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Fight for freedom in 1848-49

• The next revolution began on 15th of March in
  1848 in Budapest. The Hungarians tried to
  interrupt the Habsburgs reign. They wanted to
  create republic. Initially the Austrians couldnt
  defeat the Hungarian armies. In 1849 Hungary was
  defeated by Austrian armies and Russian
  intervention. .

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The Austrian Hungarian Monarchy and Trianon

• AThe state was getting wrong to 1867 when
  Hungary and Austria signed an agreement about a
  more equal control. Hungary cooperated with the
  central powers in I World War and we lost the
  war. The winner powers took the big part of the
  Hungarian terorrities in Versailles (1920) . The
  Austrian Hungarian Monarchy was abolished because
  of lack of cooperation. Former Hungarian
  terrorities linked to Czechoslovakia, Romania,
  Serbia (later Yugoslavia).

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II World War and the Soviet occupation

• In II world War Hungary focused on getting back
  the lost terrorities and we enter the war on the
  Germans side. The world had terrible influence
  on Hungary and whole Europe. After the German
  occupation the Soviet Unions army occupied
  Hungary (1945). It is the beginning of the
  dictatorship, we became the member of an union in
  Eastern Europe. We had to meet Soviet requirement
  to 1990.

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The revolution in 1956 and changing in 1989

• Revolution outbroke in 1956 against the communist
  regime. The Soviets defeated the opposite and
  make the socialism stronger. Hungary were under
  Soviet control to 1989. The Union of Soviet
  Socialism Republics ended to be alive and Hungary
  refused the Soviet reign. The poltical system
  changed and we became and it became a real
  democracy. We entered the consumer society and we
  have had to meet economical conditions since
  1990.

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BUDAPEST
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Bridges of Budapest

• The bridges provide crossing points over the
  River Danube, one of the most well known rivers
  of the world.

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The Liberty Bridge

• Built in 1894, the bridge spans the Danube and
  was opened in 1896 by the Emperor Franz Joseph.
  When driving on to the bridge two large pillars
  are seen and on top of each is a mythical Turul
  bird. These can also be seen on the Hungarian
  coat of arms. The bridge is a steel construction
  and at first site looks like a suspension bridge.
  However, the construction is a combination of a
  steel arch (seen under the roadway) with extra
  strength provided by triangulation.

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The Chain Bridge

• Bridge began in 1839 and it was designed by the
  English engineer T.W.Clark. The bridge took over
  ten years to build and it was the first bridge to
  span the Danube connecting the two halves of the
  city Buda and Pest. (Hence, the Capital City is
  called Budapest). This is an unusual suspension
  bridge as cables have not been used. A large
  chain was used to span the river. The chain has
  links that are very similar to the ones seen on a
  bicycle chain. The road way is suspended from the
  chain. The diagram below shows the chain and how
  it has been used. The bridge is 380 metres in
  length.

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The Elizabeth Bridge

• The suspension bridge, called the Elizabeth
  Bridge also crosses the Danube and was the
  longest suspension bridge in the world when
  constructed in 1903. Construction took place
  between 1897 to 1903 and its total span is 290
  metres.

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The History of Budapest
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The beginning

• The area is known for its celtic settlements from
  the 3rd century BC. In the first decades BC
  Transdanubia was conquered by the Romans who
  incorporated it into the Roman empire under the
  name of Pannonia. Aquincum, the now Óbuda
  district, developed to Pannonia's capital. After
  Roman withdrawal, it was first controlled by Huns
  then by Eastern Goths, Longobards and Avars. From
  the 8th century it was inhabited by Slavs,
  vassals of the Franks.

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Budapest in the late 9th century

• The Hungarians appeared here late 9th century.
  The area of the capital has been inhabited for
  thousands of years.ey established their first
  settlements on the island of Csepel and in
  Aquincum. After the Mongol invasion in 1241-42
  the Buda castle was fortified. Aquincum was given
  the name Óbuda (i.e. old Buda), in contrast to
  reconstructed (new) Buda. On the left bank Pest
  emerged. In the 13th century Buda took over the
  role of Székesfehérvár as regal seat, thus
  becoming the country's leading town. The castle
  was enlarged and reshaped and churches were
  erected (Matthias Church, Maria Magdalena
  Church). It was under King Matthias that the Buda
  castle had its golden age. It was in this period,
  too, that Pest equalled Buda after it had
  recieved privileges from the king. Óbuda, that
  was in possession of the queen, remained less
  developed.

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Budapest from 1500

• Round 1500, followed by a rapid increase in
  population in the outskirts of Pest and in the
  Castle area, the town was enclosed with new
  ramparts. After the defeat at Mohács in 1526, and
  especially after Buda was captured by the Turks
  in 1541, the town started deteriorating, doing so
  until 1686, when it was recaptured.Except for
  some baths, chapels and bastions hardly anything
  remained from those times.

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In the 18th century

• In the 18th century large-scale reconstruction
  works started both in Buda and in Pest. Soon the
  historical inner town was surrounded by fast
  growing outer districts.Baroque churches,
  palaces and dwelling houses existing even in our
  days are the legacy of this period. Late 18th and
  early 19th century the classicism gained
  currency, a style that was to dominate
  Pest-Buda's architectural character for the
  century to come.It was then, that Pest-Buda
  resumed being the centre of the country's
  economic, political and spiritual life. In 1838,
  floods caused considerable demage. The Settlement
  with the Austrian Habsburgs in 1867 created
  political stability, which gave new impetus to
  the economy. Private ownership gained ground.

The Chain Bridge built in the year 1832
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In 1873

• The formerly separate but interdependent towns
  Buda, Pest and Óbuda were integrated into one
  administrative unit Budapest. Due concentration
  of capital and workforce and Budapest's pivotal
  position in the country's railway system, brought
  about a prosperity never seen before. Big
  industry was enjoying a boom. Most public
  buildings were erected at that time. Due to the -
  sometimes excessive - development of Budapest
  provincial towns were pushed in background.

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After 1870

• Following a modern concept of town planning, new
  main roads were designated, and a triple ring of
  boulevards together with a system of avenues were
  formed. During the Second World War many
  buildings were destroyed or seriously demaged,
  most of which were reconstructed in subsequent
  years.Heavy artillery fire in the 1956
  revolution did a lot of damage to the buildings,
  too.

The Great Boulevard and Octogon square in 1890
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1950 60

• The suburbs were incorporated into the capital to
  form Great-Budapest. In the 60's new
  construction technologies gave a fresh impetus to
  the modernization of Budapest large housing
  estates were built and metro lines established.