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Human Geography By James Rubenstein

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Title: Human Geography By James Rubenstein


1
Human Geography By James Rubenstein
  • Chapter 6
  • Key Issue 2
  • Why do religions have different distributions?

2
Origins of Religions
  • Universalizing religions have precise places of
    origin, based on events in the life of a man.
  • Ethnic religions have unknown or unclear
    origins, not tied to single historical
    individuals.

3
Universalizing Religions
  • Buddhism goes back 2500 years.
  • Christianity goes back about 2000 years.
  • Islam goes back 1500 years.
  • Sikhism and Bahái were founded more recently.

4
Origins of Buddhism
  • Sidhartha Gautama, born about 563 B.C.E. in
    Nepal.
  • Withdrew from a privileged life to become the
    Buddha (the enlightened one).
  • Preached his views across India for 45 years.

5
Branches of Buddhism
  • Theravada, the oldest and largest, believe that
    one must renounce worldly goods and emphasizes
    self-help.
  • Mahayana, about 2000 years old, is less
    demanding and emphasizes teaching and helping
    others.

6
Origins of Christianity
  • Founded on the teachings of Jesus, a Jew, who
    preached the coming of the Kingdom of God.
  • Was referred to as Christ, from the Greek word
    for messiah (anointed).
  • Christians believe that Jesus resurrection from
    the dead provides hope for salvation.

7
Roman Catholicism
  • Accept the teachings of the Bible, as well as
    the interpretation of the teachings by the
    Church hierarchy.
  • Believe that God conveys His Grace directly to
    humanity through seven sacraments.

8
Eastern Orthodoxy
  • Split from the Roman Catholic in the 5th
    century.
  • A collection of 14 self-governing churches in
    the East.
  • Accept the seven sacraments, but reject
    doctrines that the Roman Catholic Church added
    after the 8th century.

9
Protestantism
  • Originated with the principles of the
    Reformation in the 16th century.
  • Movement began with Martin Luther, who suggested
    that individuals are responsible for achieving
    personal salvation through direct communication
    with God.

10
Origins of Islam
  • Muslims trace their story through Ishmael son of
    Abraham and Hagar.
  • Based on the teachings of Muhammad, a descendent
    of Ishmael.
  • Islam began in Makkah about C.E. 610.

11
Islamic Leadership
  • Sunnis believe that leadership should go to
    whoever has the greatest ability.
  • Shiites believe that leadership should go to a
    descendant of Ali, Muhammads cousin.
  • Shiites disagree about the precise line of
    succession of Ali to modern times.

12
Origins Sikhism
  • Guru Nanak preached a new faith around 500 years
    ago.
  • Sikks is Hindi for disciple.
  • The 5th Guru compiled and edited the book of
    Sikh holy scripture in C.E. 1604.

13
Origins Bahái
  • In 1863 a Persian nobleman known as Bahá'u'lláh
    preached the unification of the world through
    peace.
  • Bahái means follower.
  • The center of the religion is the Seat of
    Universal House of Justice in Haifa, Israel.

14
Seat of Universal House of Justice
15
Origins of Hinduism
  • An Ethnic Religion.
  • Originated in the 6th century B.C.E. India as the
    religion of the Aryans.
  • Earliest surviving Hindu documents dated around
    1500 B.C.E.

16
Diffusion of Religions
  • Universal Religions diffused from specific
    hearths to other regions of the world.
  • Ethnic Religions typically remain clustered in
    one location.

17
Diffusion of three major Universalizing Religions
18
Diffusion of Christianity
  • First spread through relocation diffusion by
    missionaries, such as Paul of Tarsus.
  • Later spread through hierarchical diffusion when
    it became the Roman Empires official religion in
    C.E. 380.

19
Missionaries
  • Individuals who help to transmit a universalizing
    religion through relocation diffusion.

20
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21
Extension of Christianity Beyond The Roman Empire
  • As Europeans explored the world starting in the
    1500s, they spread Christianity to the regions in
    which they came into contact.

22
Diffusion of Islam
  • Muslim armies spread Islam to Palestine, Persia,
    and part of India within 100 years of Muhammad's
    death.
  • Next came North Africa and most of Spain.
  • Traders and missionaries spread Islam to
    Southeast Asia in C.E. 1300.

23
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24
Diffusion of Buddhism
  • About 257 B.C.E., Emperor Asoka of in South Asia
    became a Buddhist and missionaries were sent to
    neighboring states.
  • Traders exported the religion to China in the
    1st century C.E.
  • In the 4th century C.E., the religion diffused
    to Korea and 2 centuries later to Japan.

25
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26
Diffusion of Bahái
  • Bahái spread to other regions in the late 19th
    century under the leadership of the prophets
    son.
  • It spread more rapidly in the late 20th century,
    when a temple was constructed in every continent.

27
Diffusion of Sikhism
  • Sikhs gained control of the Punjab region form
    the Muslims in 1802.
  • Most Sikhs migrated to East Punjab after the
    British divided the state between Pakistan (in
    the West) and India (in the East).

28
Lack of Diffusion of Ethnic Religions
  • Ethnic religions lack missionaries dedicated to
    converting people from other religions.
  • The diffusion of universalizing religions often
    comes at the expense of ethnic religions.

29
Mingling of Ethnic and Universalizing Religions
  • In Africa, traditional ideas have merged with
    Christianity.
  • In Japan, Shintoism has embraced Buddhism.
  • The island of Mauritius include Hinduism,
    Christianity, and Islam, all from migrants.

30
Shintoism Buddhism in Japan
31
Judaism, An Exception
  • In C.E. 70, Rome dispersed the Jews throughout
    the empire.
  • Jews lived among other nationalities, but
    maintained their traditions.
  • Jews were persecuted, and forced to live in
    ghettos.
  • After World War II, many Jews returned to Israel.

32
Ghetto
  • Defined as a city neighborhood set up by law to
    be inhabited only by a specific ethnic group
    (Jews in Europe).
  • Term originated during the 16th century in
    Venice, Italy.

33
Holy Places
  • Holy places in ethnic religions derive from the
    distinctive physical environment of its hearth
    (the Ganges River).
  • Universalizing religions endow places associated
    with the founders life (Jerusalem, and Mecca)

34
Pilgrimage
  • A journey for religious purposes to a place
    considered sacred.
  • Hindus and Muslims are encouraged to visit
    specific places with recommended itineraries.

35
The Locations of the Eight BuddhistShrines
36
Four Most Important Buddhist Shrines
  • Lumbini, where Buda was born.
  • Bodh Gayã, where Buddha reached perfect wisdom.
  • Deer Park, where Buddha gave his first sermon.
  • Kusinagara, where Buddha died at age 80 and
    passed into nirvana.

37
Bodh Gayã, where Buddha reached perfect wisdom.
38
Holy Places in Islam
  • Makkah (Mecca) is the birthplace of Muhammad.
  • Madinah (Medina) is where Muhammad received his
    first support and the site of his tomb.
  • Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem) where Muhammad
    ascended into heaven in a dream.

39
Makkah (Mecca)
40
The Great Mosque at Makkah
41
The Kaba
42
The Kaba
  • In the center of the Great Mosque of Makkah.
  • Traditionally the first house of worship of God,
    originally built by Adam.
  • Traditionally rebuilt by Abraham and Ishmael.
  • Cleared of idols and rededicated to Allah by
    Muhammad.

43
The Hajj
  • One of the Five Pillars of Islam.
  • A pilgrimage to Makkah.
  • Healthy Muslims with adequate financial
    resources must make this trip at least once in
    their lifetime.

44
The Golden Temple at Amritsar in Punjab
Holy Place of Sikhism
45
Holy Places in Hinduism
  • The importance of shrines is established by
    tradition.
  • The Ganges is considered the holiest river and
    Hindus believe in bathing in it for purification.
  • Mt. Kailãs in the Himalaya is located at the
    source of the Ganges.

46
Hindu Holy Places
47
Bathing in the Ganges
48
Cosmogony
  • A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin
    of the universe.
  • Example is in the ethnic religions of
    Confucianism and Daoism, the universe is made up
    of the yin and the yang.

49
Yin and Yang
  • Belief that two forces in constant change make
    up the universe.
  • The yin earth, darkness, female, cold, depth,
    passivity, and death.
  • The yang heaven, light, male, heat, height,
    activity, and life.
  • Imbalance results in chaos.

50
Christian and Islamic Cosmogony
  • God created the universe, Earth, human beings.
  • God is more powerful than nature.
  • Christians believe that God left humans to
    finish creation.
  • Muslims believe that only God is responsible for
    creation.

51
Animists and Cosmogony
  • Gods powers are mystical.
  • Only a few people on Earth can harness the
    mystical powers of medical reasons.
  • God can be placated through prayer and
    sacrifice.
  • Environmental hazards may be accepted as normal
    and unavoidable.

52
The Calendar of Ethnic Religions
  • A prominent feature is the celebration of the
    seasons.
  • - Knowledge is critical to successful
    agriculture.
  • - Rituals are tied to the environment.

53
The Jewish Calendar
  • Major holidays are based on events in the
    agricultural calendar of the religions homeland.
  • The autumn is a time of hope and worry over
    whether the winter rains will be sufficient.
  • Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur are celebrated in
    the Autumn.

54
The Exodus Celebrations
  • Sukkot, celebrated final gathering of fruits, is
    related to wandering in the wilderness.
  • Pesach, the offering of first fruits, recalls
    the freedom from Egyptian slavery.
  • Shevuot, at the end of the grain harvest, is
    related to the receipt of the 10 Commandments.

55
The Lunar Calendar
  • Israel uses the lunar calendar, instead of the
    solar calendar.
  • Since lunar months are only 29 days long, the
    350 day year gets out of sync with the
    agriculture season.
  • The Jewish calendar adds an extra month seven
    out of 19 years.

56
Solstice
  • The Winter Solstice is a major holiday in some
    pagan religions.
  • December 21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere and
    June 21 or 22 in the Southern Hemisphere.

57
Pagan
  • A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient
    times.

58
Solstice Aligned Buildings
  • Stonehenge is a pagan structure that is aligned
    so the sun rises between two stones on the
    Solstice.
  • The U.S. Capital is aligned with the Summer
    Solstice.
  • Will future archaeologist think that the capital
    building was part of a religious ritual?

59
Stonehenge in Southern England
60
The Calendar in Universalizing Religions
  • The principal purpose is to commemorate events in
    the founders life.

61
Islamic and Bahái Calendars
  • Islam has a strict lunar calendar of 19 years of
    354 days and 11 years of 355 days.
  • The Bahai calendar is divided into 19 months of
    19 days with 4 intercalary days (5 days in leap
    years).

62
Christian Calendar
  • Easter and Christmas are the major holidays.
  • Easter is celebrated at different times by
    virtue of the calendar used (Gregorian vs.
    Julian).
  • Christmas (the birth of Jesus) isnt celebrated
    by all Christians.

63
Buddhist Calendar
  • All Buddhist celebrate the birth, Enlightenment,
    and death of Buddha.
  • Buddhist in different parts of the world
    celebrate these events on different days.

64
Sikh Calendar
  • Commemorate historical events.
  • The major holidays are the births and deaths of
    the religions ten gurus.
  • A major holiday celebrates when the holy
    scriptures were installed as the religions guide.
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