Human Geography By James Rubenstein

1
Human Geography By James Rubenstein

• Chapter 11
• Key Issue 1
• Where did industry originate?

2
Industrial Revolution

• A series of improvements in industrial technology
  that transformed the process of manufacturing
  goods.
• Began in the U.K. in the late 1700s.

3
The Industrial Revolution

• The root of the Industrial Revolution was
  technology.
• The changes required took decades.
• Resulted in new social, economic, and political
  inventions.

4
Cottage Industry

• Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a
  factory, commonly found before the Industrial
  Revolution.

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Labor intensive cottage industry
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Steam Engine

• Invented by the Greeks in their Golden Age, it
  was relegated to the status of a toy.
• Patented by James Watt in 1769, it proved to be
  the most important technological development for
  the growth of factories.

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Example of the Greek Steam Engine
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Watts Steam Engine
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Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution

• The iron industry was first to benefit from
  Watts steam engine, and
• The textile industry followed.

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The Diffusion of the Iron Industry

• Watts steam engine provided a practical way to
  maintain heat in the smeltering process.
• Henry Cort patented two processes that improved
  the purification of iron.

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Coal

• When wood as a fuel source became scarce, coke
  (purified carbon made from coal) produced high
  quality iron.
• The iron industry clustered around productive
  coalfields.

12
Engineering

• Modern engineering began when James Watt and
  Matthew Boulton established the Soho Foundry at
  Birmingham, England in 1795.
• They produced hundreds of inventions that aided
  the industrial processes.

13
Transportation

• Canals and Railways played a critical role in
  diffusing the Industrial Revolution
• Enabled factories to attract workers,
• Moved bulky raw materials,
• Shipped finished goods to consumers.

14
Canals

• Francis Egerton built a canal between Worsley and
  Manchester in 1761, which launched a generation
  of canal building in England.
• They enabled industrial goods and workers to be
  moved long distances quickly.

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The Railway

• Superseded the canal systems.
• The locomotive using Watts steam engine on iron
  tracks was effectively demonstrated in 1812.

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The hearth of the Industrial Revolution.Originate
d in Northern England and Southern Scotland in
the late 18th century near productive coalfields.
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Textiles

• Fabrics made by weaving wool or cotton,
• used in making clothing.

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The Diffusion of the Textile Industry

• Changes in technology, such as Richard
  Arkwrights improved the process of turning short
  cotton fibers into continuous yarn in 1768, moved
  the manufacture of textiles from cottage
  industries to factories.

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Textile Industry
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Textile Industry
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Chemicals

• In 1798, a chlorine gas based product greatly
  sped up the process of bleaching cotton.
• Sulfuric acid based product aided in the dying of
  cloth.
• Today, many synthetic fibers such as nylon,
  Dacron, and Orlon are used in the textile
  industry.

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Food Processing

• Factory workers were unable to grow their own
  food.
• Peter Durand developed a practical way to
  preserve food in tin cans in 1839.
• Calcium chloride added to water aided in the
  killing of bacteria.

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Diffusion from the U.K.

• The 1851 Worlds Fair in the U.K., housed in a
  glass and iron building known as the Crystal
  Palace, symbolized the Industrial Revolution
• At that time, the U.K. was the greatest
  industrial power of the world.

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Crystal Palace
25
Diffusion to Europe

• The political instability (wars) on the continent
  delayed the diffusion of the industrial
  revolution to Western Europe.
• The diffusion of railways in Europe was delayed
  50 years.

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The diffusion of the railway reflects the
diffusion of the Industrial Revolution.
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Diffusion to the U.S.

• The first U.S. textile mill was built in Rhode
  Island by Samuel Slater in 1791.
• By 1860, the U.S. industrial might was second
  only to the U.K.
• Industrial diffusion to the rest of the world
  occurred in the 20th century.