Non-Communicable Diseases

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Non-Communicable Diseases

• Lesson 1

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Bell Activity

• What is a non-communicable disease?
• A. A disease that you dont talk about.
• B. A disease that attacks your social skills.
• C. A disease that cant be passed around.
• D. A disease that can be passed around.

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Health Goal 28

• I will be informed about my heredity.

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What is it??

• A non-communicable disease, or NCD, is a medical
  condition or disease which is non-infectious.

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About NCDs

• NCDs are diseases of long duration and generally
  slow progression.
• They include heart disease, stroke, cancer,
  asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney disease,
  osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and
  more.

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Non-infectious

• While often referred to as "chronic diseases",
  NCDs are distinguished by their non-infectious
  cause.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) reports NCDs
  to be by far the leading cause of mortality in
  the world, representing over 60 of all deaths.

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Death from NCD

• Out of the 35 million people who died from NCDs
  in 2005, half were under age 70 and half were
  women.
• Risk factors such as a person's background,
  lifestyle and environment are known to increase
  the likelihood of certain NCDs.

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Death from NCD

• Every year, at least 5 million people die because
  of tobacco use and about 2.8 million die from
  being overweight.
• High cholesterol accounts for roughly 2.6 million
  deaths and 7.5 million die because of high blood
  pressure.

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Risk Factors

• Risk factors such as a person's background,
  lifestyle and environment are known to increase
  the likelihood of certain non-communicable
  diseases.
• They include age, sex, genetics, exposure to air
  pollution, and behaviors such as smoking,
  unhealthy diet and physical inactivity which can
  lead to hypertension and obesity, in turn leading
  to increased risk of many NCDs.

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Are they preventable?

• Most NCDs are considered preventable because they
  are caused by modifiable risk factors.
• What does modifiable mean?

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Five Important Risk Factors

• The WHO's World Health Report 2002 identified
  five important risk factors for non-communicable
  disease in the top ten leading risks to health.
  These are raised blood pressure, raised
  cholesterol, tobacco use, alcohol consumption,
  and overweight.

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Eliminate the Risk Factors

• It has been estimated that if the primary risk
  factors were eliminated, 80 of the cases of
  heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes and 40
  of cancers could be prevented.

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Interventions

• Interventions targeting the main risk factors
  could have a significant impact on reducing the
  burden of disease worldwide.
• Efforts focused on better diet and increased
  physical activity have been shown to control the
  prevalence of NCDs

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Environmental Diseases

• NCDs include many environmental diseases,
  covering a broad category of avoidable and
  unavoidable human health conditions caused by
  external factors, such as sunlight, food,
  pollution, and lifestyle choices.
• The diseases of affluence are non-infectious
  diseases with environmental causes.

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Examples of Environmental Diseases

• Examples include
• - Many types of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
• - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  caused by smoking tobacco
• - Diabetes mellitus type 2
• - Lower back pain caused by too little exercise
• - Malnutrition caused by too little food, or
  eating the wrong kinds of food (e.g. scurvy from
  lack of Vitamin C)
• - Skin cancer caused by radiation from the sun

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Inherited Diseases

• Genetic disorders are caused by errors in genetic
  information that produce diseases in the affected
  people. These errors may include
• A change in the chromosome numbers, such as Down
  syndrome
• A defect in a single gene caused by mutation
• A rearrangement of genetic information.

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Inherited Diseases Contd

• Cystic fibrosis is an example of an inherited
  disease that is caused by a mutation on a gene.
• The faulty gene impairs the normal movement of
  sodium chloride in and out of cells, which causes
  the mucus-secreting organs to produce abnormally
  thick mucus.
• The gene is recessive, meaning that a person must
  have two copies of the faulty gene for them to
  develop the disease.

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Cystic Fibrosis Contd

• Cystic fibrosis affects the respiratory,
  digestive and reproductive systems, as well as
  the sweat glands.
• The mucus secreted is very thick and blocks
  passageways in the lungs and digestive tracts.
• This mucus causes problems with breathing and
  with the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

• Formerly non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes  is a metabolic
  disorder that is characterized by high blood
  glucose in the context of insulin resistance and
  relative insulin deficiency

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Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Contd

• Diabetes is often initially managed by increasing
  exercise and dietary modification. If the
  condition progresses, medications may be needed.
• Long-term complications from high blood sugar can
  include increased risk of heart attacks, strokes,
  amputation, and kidney failure.
• For extreme cases, circulation of limbs is
  affected, potentially requiring amputation. Loss
  of hearing, eyesight, and cognitive ability has
  also been linked to this condition.

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Lesson 2 Bell Activity

• What is cancer?
• A. A disease you can catch from germs.
• B. A sexually transmitted disease.
• C. Occurs when cells divide.
• D. Occurs when abnormal cells grow out of control.

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Health Goal 29

• I will get regular check ups regarding family
  diseases.

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Heart Disease

• Your heart is an amazing organ. It continuously
  pumps oxygen and nutrient-rich blood throughout
  your body to sustain life.
• This fist-sized powerhouse beats (expands and
  contracts) 100,000 times per day, pumping five or
  six quarts of blood each minute, or about 2,000
  gallons per day.

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How the Heart Works

• As the heart beats, it pumps blood through a
  system of blood vessels, called the circulatory
  system. The vessels are elastic, muscular tubes
  that carry blood to every part of the body.

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The Hearts Functions

• Blood is essential.
• In addition to carrying fresh oxygen from the
  lungs and nutrients to your body's tissues, it
  also takes the body's waste products, including
  carbon dioxide, away from the tissues.
• This is necessary to sustain life and promote the
  health of all the body's tissues.

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Three Main Types of Blood Vessels

• Arteries.
• They begin with the aorta, the large artery
  leaving the heart.
• Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the
  heart to all of the body's tissues.
• They branch several times, becoming smaller and
  smaller as they carry blood further from the
  heart and into organs.

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The 2nd Type of Blood Vessel

• Capillaries.
• These are small, thin blood vessels that connect
  the arteries and the veins.
• Their thin walls allow oxygen, nutrients, carbon
  dioxide, and other waste products to pass to and
  from our organ's cells.

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The 3rd Type of Blood Vessel

• Veins.
• These are blood vessels that take blood back to
  the heart this blood has lower oxygen content)
  and is rich in waste products that are to be
  excreted or removed from the body. Veins become
  larger and larger as they get closer to the
  heart.
• The superior vena cava is the large vein that
  brings blood from the head and arms to the heart,
  and the inferior vena cava brings blood from the
  abdomen and legs into the heart.

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Did you know?

• This vast system of blood vessels -- arteries,
  veins, and capillaries -- is over 60,000 miles
  long. That's long enough to go around the world
  more than twice!
• Blood flows continuously through your body's
  blood vessels. Your heart is the pump that makes
  it all possible.

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Heart Disease

• When you think of heart disease, usually people
  think of coronary artery disease (narrowing of
  the arteries leading to the heart), but coronary
  artery disease is just one type of cardiovascular
  disease.

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Cardiovascular Disease

• Cardiovascular disease includes a number of
  conditions affecting the structures or function
  of the heart. They can include
• Coronary artery disease (including heart attack)
• Abnormal heart rhythms or arrythmias
• Heart failure
• Heart valve disease
• Congenital heart disease
• Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy)
• Pericardial disease
• Aorta disease and Marfan syndrome
• Vascular disease (blood vessel disease)

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Leading Cause of Death in the U.S.

• Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of
  death for both men and women in the U.S.
• It is important to learn about your heart to help
  prevent heart disease.
• And, if you have cardiovascular disease, you can
  live a healthier, more active life by learning
  about your disease and treatments and by becoming
  an active participant in your care.

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Abnormal Heart Rhythms

• The heart is an amazing organ.
• It beats in a steady, even rhythm, about 60 to
  100 times each minute (that's about 100,000 times
  each day!).
• But, sometimes your heart gets out of rhythm. An
  irregular or abnormal heartbeat is called an
  arrhythmia. An arrhythmia (also called a
  dysrhythmia) can involve a change in the rhythm,
  producing an uneven heartbeat, or a change in the
  rate, causing a very slow or very fast heartbeat.

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Heart Failure

• The term "heart failure" can be frightening.
• It does not mean the heart has "failed" or
  stopped working.
• It means the heart does not pump as well as it
  should.
• This then leads to salt and water retention,
  causing swelling and shortness of breath. 
• The swelling and shortness of breath are the
  primary symptoms of heart failure.

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Congenital Heart Disease

• Congenital heart disease is a type of defect in
  one or more structures of the heart or blood
  vessels that occurs before birth.
• It affects about eight out of every 1,000
  children. Congenital heart defects may produce
  symptoms at birth, during childhood, and
  sometimes not until adulthood.
• In most cases scientists don't know why they
  occur. Heredity may play a role as well as
  exposure to the fetus during pregnancy to certain
  viral infections, alcohol, or drugs.

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What is Cancer?

• Cancer is the general name for a group of more
  than 100 diseases in which cells in a part of the
  body begin to grow out of control.
• Although there are many kinds of cancer, they all
  start because abnormal cells grow out of control.
  Untreated cancers can cause serious illness and
  even death.

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Normal Cells in the Body

• The body is made up of hundreds of millions of
  living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and
  die in an orderly fashion.
• During the early years of a person's life,
  normal cells divide faster to allow the person to
  grow.
• After the person becomes an adult, most cells
  divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or
  to repair injuries.

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How Cancer Starts

• Cancer starts when cells in a part of the body
  start to grow out of control. There are many
  kinds of cancer, but they all start because of
  out-of-control growth of abnormal cells.

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• Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell
  growth.
• Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow
  and form new, abnormal cells.
• Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other
  tissues, something that normal cells cannot do.
• Growing out of control and invading other tissues
  are what makes a cell a cancer cell.

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• Cells become cancer cells because of damage to
  DNA.
• DNA is in every cell and directs all its actions.
  
• In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell
  either repairs the damage or the cell dies.
• In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired,
  but the cell doesnt die like it should.
• Instead, this cell goes on making new cells that
  the body does not need.
• These new cells will all have the same damaged
  DNA as the first cell does.

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• People can inherit damaged DNA, but most DNA
  damage is caused by mistakes that happen while
  the normal cell is reproducing or by something in
  our environment.
• Sometimes the cause of the DNA damage is
  something obvious, like cigarette smoking.
• But often no clear cause is found.

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• In most cases the cancer cells form a tumor.
• Some cancers, like leukemia, rarely form tumors.
• Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and
  blood-forming organs and circulate through other
  tissues where they grow.

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How Cancer Spreads

• Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the
  body, where they begin to grow and form new
  tumors that replace normal tissue.
• This process is called metastasis.
• It happens when the cancer cells get into the
  bloodstream or lymph vessels of our body.

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How Cancers Differ

• No matter where a cancer may spread, it is always
  named for the place where it started.
• For example, breast cancer that has spread to
  the liver is still called breast cancer, not
  liver cancer.
• Likewise, prostate cancer that has spread to the
  bone is metastatic prostate cancer, not bone
  cancer.

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Different Types of Cancer Behave Differently

• Different types of cancer can behave very
  differently.
• For example, lung cancer and breast cancer are
  very different diseases.
• They grow at different rates and respond to
  different treatments.
• That is why people with cancer need treatment
  that is aimed at their particular kind of cancer.

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How Common is Cancer?

• Half of all men and one-third of all women in the
  US will develop cancer during their lifetimes.
• Today, millions of people are living with cancer
  or have had cancer.
• The risk of developing most types of cancer can
  be reduced by changes in a person's lifestyle,
  for example, by quitting smoking, limiting time
  in the sun, being physically active, and eating a
  better diet.
• The sooner a cancer is found and treated, the
  better the chances are for living for many years.

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Lesson 3 Bell Activity

• Name 5 non-communicable diseases.

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Health Goal 30

• I will be informed about the symptoms of
  hereditary diseases that run in my family.

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Cancer Video

• What Is Cancer?