Chap 6

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Chap 6

• World War I

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1. Causes of the War

• -DURING THE LATE 1800S AND EARLY 1900S, INTENSE
  RIVALRIES AMONG EUROPEAN NATIONS LED TO MISTRUST
  AND HATRED.
• A) FOUR CAUSES
• NIMS
• 1) NATIONALISM
• 2) IMPERIALISM
• 3) MILITARISM
• 4) STRATEGIC ALLIANCES

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A. NATIONALISM

• -BROUGHT UNITY TO SOME NATIONS WHILE IT TORE
  OTHER NATIONS APART
• -GREAT BRITIAN AND FRANCE BECAME INCREASINGLY
  STRONGER DURING THIS TIME
• -AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE HAD
  VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS PULLING THEM APART
• -THESE ETHNIC GROUPS WANTED THEIR INDEPENDENCE
  AND FORM THEIR OWN COUNTRIES
• -DURING THE TIME, FRANCE AND GERMANY BECAME
  BITTER RIVALS DUE TO FIGHTING OVER TERRITORY IN
  EUROPE
• -ITALY AND AUSTRIA WERE ALSO ENEMIES DUE TO FIGHT
  OVER LANDS IN NORTHERN ITALY

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B. IMPERIALISM

• -SCRAMBLE FOR COLONIES IN AFRICA AND ASIA
  CONTRIBUTED TO THE GROWING TENSIONS BETWEEN
  EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

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C. MILITARISM

• -IN THIS TENSE CLIMATE, EUROPEAN NATIONS TOOK
  STEPS IN PREPARATION FOR WAR
• -EUROPEAN NATIONS COMPETED FOR POWER AND PRESTIGE
  BY BUILDING UP THEIR ARMIES
• -GERMANY AND BRITAIN BEGAN A RIVALRY FOCUSED ON
  STRENGTH OF THEIR NAVIES
• -BRITIAN HAD THE STRONGEST NAVY AT THE TIME
  HOWEVER, GERMANY BEGAN TO SPEND HEAVILY ON THE
  BUILDING OF NEW WARSHIPS
• -BRITAIN SEEING THIS AS A THREAT BEGAN TO
  INCREASE THEIR NAVAL FLEET

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D. STRATEGIC ALLIANCES

• -IN THE LATE 1800S, EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BEGAN TO
  FORM ALLIANCES FOR SUPPORT IF WAR WERE TO BREAK
  OUT
• - TWO MAJOR ALLIANCES IN EUROPE WERE FORMED
• 1. TRIPLE ALLIANCE
• - GERMANY,
  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND
• ITALY
• 2. TRIPLE ENTENTE
• - FRANCE, BRITAIN AND
  RUSSIA

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2. Beginning of the War

• -BY THE LATE 1800S, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS
  FALLING APART
• -THE BALKAN REGION ONCE CONTROLLED BY THE EMPIRE
  BECAME AN AREA UNDER FIRE
• -IN 1878, SERBIA RECEIVED ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM
  THE EMPIRE
• -NATIONALIST LEADERS IN SERBIA WANTED TO GAIN
  CONTROL OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN ORDER TO
  CREATE THEIR OWN EMPIRE IN EASTERN EUROPE
• -ALSO CONTROL OF THESE TWO AREAS WOULD GIVE THEM
  AN OUTLET TO THE MEDITERANEAN SEA
• -HOWEVER, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY CONTROLLED THESE
  TERRITORIES

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2. Beginnings of the War (Pg.2)

• -RUSSIA WANTED SERBIA TO GAIN CONTROL OF THESE
  AREAS SO THEY COULD FORM AN ALLIANCE WHICH WOULD
  GIVE RUSSIA ACCESS TO THE MED. SEA -
• -THIS PROPOSED ALLIANCE ANGERED GREAT BRITAIN
  THAT DID NOT WANT RUSSIA GAINING ACCESS TO A
  WARM-WEATHER PORT
• -GERMANY WANTED TO GAIN CONTROL OF THE CRUMBLING
  OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND NEEDED THE BALKANS AS A LINK
  FROM THEIR COUNTRY TO THE EMPIRE
• -BOTH GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA DID NOT WANT
  GERMANY GAINING THESE AREAS BECAUSE THEY DID NOT
  WANT GERMANY TO EXPAND THEIR POWER

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3. Assassination

• -ON JUNE 14, 1914, ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND
• (HEIR TO THE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY THRONE) AND HIS
  WIFE TRAVELED TO SARAJEVO, THE CAPITAL OF BOSNIA
  / HERZEGOVINA
• -THEY WERE BOTH ASSASSINATED BY SERBIAN
  NATIONALISTS
• -AUSTRIA-HUNGARY WANTED TO PUNISH SERBIA FOR ITS
  ROLE IN THE PLOT
• -THEY SENT SERBIA AN ULTIMATUM THAT STATED IF
  SERBIA DID NOT ARREST THE PERSONS INVOLVED THEN
  AUSTRIA WOULD INVADE SERBIA
• -WHEN SERBIA DECLINED, AUSTRIA DECLARED WAR ON
  SERBIA

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4. Outbreak of War

• -After Austria declared war on Serbia, the
  Alliance system began
• -The Russians began to mobilize to help Serbia
• -In turn, Germany warned Russia to stop or they
  would declare war against Russia
• -After Russia refused, Germany declared war on
  Russia
• -Also, Germany invaded Belgium in an attempt to
  mobilize their troops against France anticipating
  French involvement in the war
• -Great Britain declared war on Germany in
  response the German invasion of Belgium

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5. Sides of the War

• -As War broke out, the major countries of Europe
  formed
• two sides
• - Central Powers
• -Germany,
  Austria-Hungary,
• Ottoman Empire
• -Allied Powers
• -Great Britain, France
  and Russia

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6. Battles of WWI

• Western Front
• - Along the border of Belgium and
  France
• - Germany had invaded and taken over
• Belgium and began to assemble
  their
• troops ready to invade France
• -French and British troops aligned
• themselves on border prepared for
  the
• German invasion
• -War would continue along this line
  with no
• real change in position and huge
  amounts
• of casualties

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6. Battles of WW1 (Pg 2.)

• - Eastern Front
• -War broke out in Eastern
  Europe where
• the Russians and Serbs
  battled Germany
• and Austria Hungary
• -Although Russia had many
  soldiers, they
• lacked supplies and
  leadership
• -The Russians were successful
  in taking
• over parts of Austria but
  lost over a million
• soldiers in the process

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7. Style of War

• -The Battles fought along the Eastern/Western
  Front
• were fought in a style known as Trench
  Warfare
• -Soldiers from both sides dug hundreds of miles
  of trenches
• -Between the front line of opposing trenches, was
  No Mans Land , a wasteland of barbed wire and
  landmines
• -Each side would continuously bomb the opposing
  side then scramble across No Mans Land to
  attack enemy sides
• -Huge casualties and very little gains resulted
• -New weapons included machine guns, armored
  tanks,
• U-Boats or submarines

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8. Total War Effort

• -Due to the style of war fought, WWI required
  tons of supplies to fuel both sides
• -Governments struggled to meet the demands of the
• war
• -Due to massive amount of causalities, millions
  of men were drafted into battle
• -Women were forced to work in the factories
  producing goods for the war
• -Countries needed civilians to ration food and
  supplies that were needed for the soldiers
• -To encourage people to support the war effort,
  both sides used propaganda to build confidence
  and increase their hatred of the enemy

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9. The Russian Revolution

• -During the war, the Russian army experienced
  huge casualties
• -The Russian government was unable to cope with
  the huge amounts of supplies necessary to
  continue battle
• -Riots throughout Russia led to diminished the
  power of the Russian czar (leader)
• -Radical revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin
  wanted out of the war and to fix their internal
  problems
• -These revolutionaries overthrew the government
  and withdrew Russia from WWI
• -This withdrawal collapsed the Eastern Front and
  the Central Powers could concentrate their
  efforts of the Western Front

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10. Others Join the War

• -When Russian withdrew, the Allied forces needed
  help along the Western Front
• -As WWI broke out, the US pledged neutrality
  believing that
• the war was a European problem and wanted to stay
  out
• -However, German U-boats began to attack US
  merchant ships traveling to British ports
• -Finally, a German U-boat sank the British
  passenger ship, Lusitania, that killed 128
  Americans
• -Also, the German propaganda machine spread
  rumors that Germany would form an alliance with
  Mexico and attack Southwest US territories
  (Zimmerman Note)
• -With Germany not backing down, US declared war
  on Germany and entered the war on the Allied side

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11. Tides Turn

• -The arrival of US troops energized the Allied
  troops
• -The Allied troops steadily began to push German
  troops
• Back along the Western Front and Eastern Front
• -Austria-Hungary began to break apart as
  different regions began to leave the empire
• -Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland declared
  their independence
• -Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire surrendered to
  the Allies
• -By November 1918, Germany stood as alone in
  fighting the Allies
• -A German rebels that wanted the fighting to stop
  started a revolt and took over the German
  government
• -On November 11, 1918 Germany signed an armistice
  with the Allied Power officially ending WWI

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12. Effects of the WWI

• -Fighting lasted over 4 years (July 1914-Nov
  1918)
• -8.5 million casualties
• -Male Casualties Germany (15) A/H (17) France
  (10)
• -European infrastructure destroyed
• -Widespread famine throughout Eastern Europe till
  the early 1920s (8 million dead in Russia)
• -Disease spread throughout Europe
• -European economies fell into recessions

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13. Peace Treaties

• US Fourteen Points Proposal (Woodrow Wilson)
• - wanted to bring democracy to Europe
• -Protect smaller countries from larger ones
• (no more large empire)
• -Create a League of Nations, international
  association to maintain peace
• -However, European countries wanted the Central
  Powers to suffer more as a consequence of war
• -US rejected plan due to Europeans wanting more
• -US preferred isolationism and let Europe solve
  its
• own problems
• -League of Nations became a weak association

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13. Peace Treaties (Pg.2)

• b) Versailles Treaty
• -Allied Powers drew up separate peace treaties
  with each Central Power Nation
• -German peace settlement known as the Versailles
  Treaty
• -Extremely severe towards Germany due to Allies
• Reasoned that Germany started the war
• Treaty Requirement
• 1) Admitted Responsibility for
  causing the WWI
• 2) Pay War Reparations (Total
  Cost of the War)
• 3) Limited Size of Army
• 4) Give up their Navy to the
  Allies
• 5) Give up Overseas Colonies
• 6) Excluded from League of
  Nations

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14. German Response

• -German citizens resented the government for
  agreeing on the harsh Versailles Treaty
• -Harsh sanctions of Treaty caused an economic
  depression in Germany
• -Felt the treaty was unjust that Germany had to
  be blamed for war and pay war reparations
• -Bitter Hatred towards the Allied Nations

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15. Geographic Effects

• -Empires of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and
  Ottoman broken up
• -New Countries created in Eastern Europe

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