Development Areas

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Development Areas
Chronological Ages 0-6 7-12
13-19

• Emotional
• Moral
• Physical
• Social
• Cognitive

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Basic Processes of Development
Developmental Psychology

• Maturation
• Biological process of systematic physical growth
• Experience plays role in specific contexts

Red indicates more gray matter, blue less gray
matter.
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Early Experiences and Critical Periods
Developmental Psychology

• Imprinting (Lorenz)
• Inborn tendency or instinct
• Sensitive period critical period
• Early social deprivation
• Harlows monkeys, social isolation, and
  continuing detrimental effects
• Controversy over effects on children
• Some abnormal effects may be irreversible

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Developmental Psychology
Piagets cognitive development theory
Birth to 2 yrs Sensorimotor Uses senses and motor skills, items known by use Object permanence
2 - 7 yrs Pre-operational Symbolic thinking, language used egocentric thinking, imagination/ experience grow, child de-centers
7 - 11 yrs Concrete operational Logic applied, objective/rational interpretations conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications
11 yrs on Formal operational Thinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas ethics, politics, social/moral issues explored
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Developmental Psychology
Eriksons Psychosocial theory
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Marcias Theory of Personal Identity

• James Marcia - examined development
  of personal identity.
• Identified four main approaches
  to developing a sense of identity
• achievement
• foreclosure
• diffusion
• moratorium

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Sexual and Gender Development

• Sex - Physiologically Determined
• Gender - Psychologically Determined
• Sexual Development - Increasing Awareness of sex
  differences
• Gender Identification - Acquiring sex roles
• Androgyny - Displaying both expressive
  and instrumental qualities

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Theories of Gender Development

• Biological Development
• Freuds Psychosexual Theory
• Behaviorism
• Social-Leaning Theory
• Gender-Schema Theory
• Homosexuality
• Identity-Construction Theory

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Social Development
Harlow
Ainsworth

• Attachment - strength and kind of bond that
  exists between people.
• Avoidant Attachment
• Secure Attachment
• Resistant Attachment

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Developmental Psychology
Early Childhood
Cooperative play
3rd Stage Age 4-6
Parallel play
2nd Stage Age 2-4
Solitary play
1st Stage Infant-toddler
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Moral Development

• Moral Development - process of acquiring sense of
  right and wrong
• Piagets Moral Development
• Moral Realism
• Morality of Cooperation
• Kohlberg
• Moral Dilemmas

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Developmental Psychology
Kohlbergs theory of moral development
Level I Preconventional moral reasoning Stage 1 might makes right Punishment/obedience orientation self-interest
Level I Preconventional moral reasoning Stage 2 look out for number one Instrumental/relativist orientation quid pro quo
Level II Conventional moral reasoning Stage 3 good girl, nice boy Proper behavior for the social approval
Level II Conventional moral reasoning Stage 4 law and order Proper behavior of the dutiful citizen, obey laws
Level III Postconventional moral reasoning Stage 5 social contract Mutual benefit to all, obey societys rules
Level III Postconventional moral reasoning Stage 6 universal ethical principles Defend right/wrong, not just majority, all life is sacred (reflective)
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Carol Gilligans Theory of Moral Development

• Alternative theory of moral development for
  women
• Women possess empathy
• Competition Versus Cooperation

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Evaluating Kohlbergs Theory

• Criticisms of Kohlbergs Theory
• Subjective Scoring
• Lack of Stage Specificity
• Inconsistencies between Thoughts and Actions
• Originally Validated on White, Middle-class, Males

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Parenting Styles

• Authoritarian Parenting
• Authoritative Parenting
• Permissive Parenting

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Authoritarian Style

• Children should obey their parents without
  question
• What I say, Goes!
• My Way or the Highway!
• () Gives structure
• (-) Child feels misunderstood

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Democratic (Authoritative) Style

• Children have input into their rules and limits.
• Both child and parent working together
• () Allows the child and parent to gain trust for
  each other
• (-) Can give child the idea they are in control

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Permissive (Laissez-Faire) Style

• Children a wide range of freedom.
• The child learns from their own experiences
  (Montessori)
• () Child feels valued
• (-) Child can develop many bad behaviors

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Diana Baumrinds Parenting Styles

• Authoritarian parenting restrictive and punitive
  parenting style in which there is little verbal
  exchange between parents and children children
  socially incompetent.
• Authoritative parenting positive parenting
  style parents encourage children to be
  independent, yet enforces rules and restrictions
  verbal exchange allowed children socially
  competent.
• Neglectful parenting parenting style of
  uninvolvement children socially incompetent.
• Indulgent parenting parenting style of
  involvement with few rules or restrictions on
  child children socially incompetent.

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