Title: Honors Biology Ch. 8
1HonorsBiologyCh. 8
2I. How Organisms Obtain Energy
- - Cells are miniature factories where thousands
of reactions using energy occur constantly.
3A. Transformation of Energy
- 1. First Law of Thermodynamics
- - Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can
be transformed and transferred.
42. Second Law of Thermodynamics
- - When energy is transformed, some energy is lost
as heat.
53. All Organisms Use Energy
- a. Autotrophs
- - organisms that make their own food
- - photosynthesis
- - producers
6b. Heterotrophs
- - organisms that obtain energy from other
organisms - - consumers
7B. Metabolism
- - all the chemical reactions in a cell
- 1. Catabolic Pathways
- - break down large molecules into smaller
molecules releasing energy - - cellular respiration
- 2. Anabolic Pathways
- - build up larger molecules from small
molecules using energy - - photosynthesis
8C. ATP
- - adenosine triphosphate
- - energy transfer molecule
- - provides energy for cellular functions
9Energy Flow and Chemical Recycling in Ecosystems
10II. Photosynthesis
- - light energy is converted to chemical energy
- A. Chloroplasts
- - organelle of photosynthesis
11B. Photosynthetic Pigments
- - Pigments are substances that absorb light energy
12- - chlorophyll absorbs violet-blue and red light
- - Chlorophyll a is the primary photosynthetic
pigment.
13- Chlorophyll b and carotenoids are accessory
pigments.
Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and ß - Carotene
are found in plants.
Phycoerythrin is found in red algae
Phycocyanin is found in blue-green algae
14Photosynthetic Pigments Found in Spinach leaves
15Molecular Structure of Cellulose
16C. Light Reactions
- - Light energy is used to produce ATP and NADPH
for the Calvin Cycle.
17C. Light Reactions
- - Light energy is used to produce ATP and NADPH
for the Calvin Cycle.
181. Light absorbed by Photosystem II
- - Water molecules are split, oxygen released.
- - Electron becomes excited and enters electron
transport chain.
192. The Electron Transport Chain
- - Energy from electrons pumps H into thylakoid
space as it passes along the electron transport
chain.
203. More Light Absorbed by Photosystem I
- - Electron becomes re-excited.
- - NADPH (an electron carrier and energy transport
molecule) is formed.
214. Chemiosmosis
- - Hydrogen ions (protons) move down their
concentration gradient out of the thylakoid space.
225. ATP Synthase
- - ATP synthesized by ATP synthase as hydrogen
ions pass out of the thylakoid space.
23D. Calvin Cycle
- - Glucose produced with energy from ATP and NADPH
from the light reactions.
241. Carbon Fixation
- - 6 CO2 are joined to 6 5-C molecules of RuBP to
form 12 3-C molecules of PGA.
25The Calvin Cycle
262. G3P Produced
- - Energy from 12 ATP and 12 NADPH is used to
produce 12 G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)
molecules. - - 2 G3P molecules are used to make glucose.
27The Calvin Cycle
O2
6
283. Calvin Cycle Completed
- - 6 RuBP molecules produced from 10 G3P molecules
to complete the Calvin Cycle.
29The Calvin Cycle
O2
6
30Alternative Photosynthesis PathwaysC4 and CAM
C4 Photosynthesis
CAM Photosynthesis
CO2
Organic acids release CO2 to Calvin cycle
Organic acids release CO2 to Calvin cycle
31III. Cellular Respiration
- - Organic molecules (glucose) are broken down to
release energy in the form of ATP to do cellular
work.
32- - Occurs in 2 main parts glycolysis and
aerobic respiration
33A. Glycolysis
- - splits glucose (6-C) into pyruvate (3-C) to
release energy - - produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH
- - occurs in the cytoplasm
- - does not require oxygen
34B. Krebs Cycle
- - completes the energy yielding break down of
pyruvate - - produces (for each glucose) 2 ATP, 6
NADH, 2 FADH2, and 3 CO2 - - takes place in the matrix of the
mitochondrion
35C. Electron Transport Chain
- - a series of protein molecules embedded in the
inner membrane of the mitochondrion - - requires oxygen
36- - Energy from electrons from NADH and FADH2 pumps
H ion into the intermembrane space creating a H
gradient.
37- - At the end of the chain, electrons are passed
to oxygen, forming water.
38D. Chemiosmosis
- - H ions move down their concentration gradient
out of the intermembrane space. - - ATP synthesized by ATP Synthase as H
ions pass out of the intermembrane
space.
ATP Synthase
39D. Chemiosmosis
- - H ions move down their concentration gradient
out of the intermembrane space. - - ATP synthesized by ATP Synthase as H
ions pass out of the intermembrane
space. - - Produces 32 ATP
ATP Synthase
40IV. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)
- - Uses glycolysis to produce ATP in the absence
of O2. - - Regenerates NAD from NADH.
- - Produces only 2 ATP from glucose.
41A. Lactic Acid Fermentation
- - Occurs when skeletal muscles use up O2 faster
than lungs can supply O2. - - Lactic acid produced from pyruvate and NADH
converted to NAD.
42- - Also produced by bacteria when processing milk
into yogurt and cheese.
43B. Alcohol Fermentation
- - Occurs in yeast and some bacteria.
- - Ethanol and CO2 produced from pyruvate and
NADH converted to NAD.
44How Cells Obtain Energy A Review of Cellular
Respiration and Photosynthesis (1402)
45