Federalists%20

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Federalists Republicans (Dem)Hamilton
Jefferson

• Rule by the best people
• Powerful central government, at the expense of
  states rights
• Loose interpretation of the Constitution
• Government to foster business concentration of
  wealth in interests of capitalistic enterprise
• A protective tariff on imports (to protect
  domestic business)

• Rule by the informed masses
• Weak central government to preserve states
  rights
• Strict interpretation of the Constitution
• Agriculture preferred no special favors for
  businesses
• No special favors for manufacturers

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Federalists Republicans (Dem)Hamilton
Jefferson

• Pro-French (radical Revolutionary tradition)
• Reduction of federal officeholders
• Encouragement to state banks
• Relatively free speech and press
• Concentration in South and Southwest, in
  agricultural areas and in the backcountry
• Minimal navy for coastal defense

• Pro-British (conservative tradition, like the
  Tories)
• Expanding bureaucracy (non-elected officials)
• Powerful central bank
• Restrictions on free speech and press
• Concentrated along the east coast
• Strong navy to protect American shippers

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Explain the Battle of Fallen Timbers

• Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio, under command
  of Major Gen Mad Anthony Wayne defeated Indians
  and opened up settlement of the region
• The resulting Treaty of Greenville gave the
  United States control of Ohio.

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In 1789, Americans were divided by the French
Revolution.
Federalists worried about the anarchy and public
executions. Hamilton feared Democratic
Republicans might want to do the same in
America. Jefferson decried the violence but
publicly admired the French Revolutions
principles.
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Americans worried about the British and French
war as most of Americas imports and tariff
revenue came from British goods.
But Britain ignored him and began seizing
American trading ships at sea.
Americans were outraged but powerless to respond.
President Washington issued a proclamation of
neutrality in 1793.
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John Jays Treaty

• British didnt want war since US owed so much
  money to them and afraid new republican France
  would fight together
• What was involved?
• British agreed to evacuate posts in West
• Compensate US ship-owners for seizures
• No neutrality on seas though
• US had to pay pre-war debts to Britain
• Valuable treaty but humiliating
• US gained most of what legally belonged to it

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• The Pinckney Treaty allowed Americans to use the
  Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans.
• With access to the Mississippi, removal of the
  British, and defeat of the Native Americans,
  settlers poured into the west.
• 400,000 Americans lived beyond the Appalachians
  by the 1800s.

A more popular treaty was negotiated with Spain
in 1795 since afraid of a US-France attack .
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Farewell

• Washington stepped down in 1796 after 2nd term
  due to rivalry between Federalists and Republicans

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President Washington chose to retire in 1796.
He felt that voluntary retirement after two terms
would set an important precedent for the peaceful
transfer of the office.
In his farewell address, Washington advised
successors to temper political strife in favor of
national unity. In foreign affairs, he
suggested Americans avoid entangling alliances
with European powers.
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Washington helped the young nation survive early
tests.

• As first President, Washington
• Established the government
• Opened western land for settlers
• Kept the nation out of war
• Developed foreign trade
• Put the nation on solid financial footing.

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Election of 1796

• John Adams was elected President in 1796.
• He narrowly defeated Thomas Jefferson who became
  his vice president.
• Both disliked Hamilton who had made many enemies
  with financial policies
• The vote was largely along regional lines with
  the North favoring Adams, the South favoring
  Jefferson.
• Adams couldnt unite parties

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Early in his presidency, Adams faced a crisis
with France due to Jay Treaty.
Like Britain, France began seizing American
ships. Adams sent envoys to negotiate with PM
Talleyrand.
French officials identified only as X, Y, and Z
demanded bribes for the right to negotiate.
Americans were angered and insulted by this XYZ
Affair and sentiment against France grew.
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XYZ

• Adams refused and became national hero, built 40
  or so warships and increased army
• France didnt really want a war (too many foes
  already) and Adams realized country was too weak
  for all-out war
• France agreed to end the Franco-American alliance
  (1778) and the U.S. agreed to pay their own
  damage claims

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Immigrants, most of whom tended to favor
Democratic Republicans, could be deported. No
negative comments about government printed. The
Federalists claimed the acts were necessary to
stop unhealthy criticism that was undermining
trust in the government. Democratic Republicans
charged the acts violated the Constitution and
were aimed to silence the opposition.
In 1798 Congress passed the Alien and Sedition
Acts making it a crime to criticize the
government.
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Statements written to promote nullification, or
  refusal to accept unconstitutional laws
• Federalists said it was up to Supreme Court to
  decide this, not the people
• Not very effective Jefferson was just trying to
  make it an issue, to raise awareness

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Shortly before the 1800 election, President Adams
sought peace with France.
This angered other Federalists, including
Alexander Hamilton who then worked against
Adams bid for re-election. Despite a tie in the
electoral college, Thomas Jefferson won the
presidency.
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Election of 1800

• Republicans won 73 to 65
• Constitution did not distinguish between
  presidential and VP candidates voted for two
  candidates only
• Political parties made system impractical
• Jefferson and Burr received 73 votes each
• House of Representatives chose

Burr
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• First vote was a split. Federalists all voted for
  Burr, afraid of Jefferson and policies
• Burr should have stepped down since voters
  intended him to be VP
• Hamilton ended up influencing Federalists to vote
  for Thomas Jefferson

Hamilton
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12th Amendment

• The Electors shall meet in their respective
  states, and vote by ballot for President and
  Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not
  be an inhabitant of the same state with
  themselves they shall name in their ballots the
  person voted for as President, and in distinct
  ballots the person voted for as Vice-President,
  and they shall make distinct lists of all persons
  voted for as President, and all persons voted for
  as Vice-President and of the number of votes for
  each, which lists they shall sign and certify,
  and transmit sealed to the seat of the government
  of the United States, directed to the President
  of the Senate.
• The President of the Senate shall, in the
  presence of the Senate and House of
  Representatives, open all the certificates and
  the votes shall then be counted.
• The person having the greatest Number of votes
  for President, shall be the President, if such
  number be a majority of the whole number of
  Electors appointed and if no person have such
  majority, then from the persons having the
  highest numbers not exceeding three on the list
  of those voted for as President, the House of
  Representatives shall choose immediately, by
  ballot, the President. But in choosing the
  President, the votes shall be taken by states,
  the representation from each state having one
  vote a quorum for this purpose shall consist of
  a member or members from two-thirds of the
  states, and a majority of all the states shall be
  necessary to a choice. And if the House of
  Representatives shall not choose a President
  whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon
  them, before the fourth day of March next
  following, then the Vice-President shall act as
  President, as in the case of the death or other
  constitutional disability of the President.
• The person having the greatest number of votes as
  Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if
  such number be a majority of the whole number of
  Electors appointed, and if no person have a
  majority, then from the two highest numbers on
  the list, the Senate shall choose the
  Vice-President a quorum for the purpose shall
  consist of two-thirds of the whole number of
  Senators, and a majority of the whole number
  shall be necessary to a choice. But no person
  constitutionally ineligible to the office of
  President shall be eligible to that of
  Vice-President of the United States.

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• In short, separate balloting in the Electoral
  College for president and vice president
• Ratified before 1804 election

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Marked an important precedent as the first
peaceful transfer of power from one political
party to another.
The election of 1800 changed the balance of power
and ended the Federalist era in government.