Discuss Lab Questions

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Discuss Lab Questions

• M mRT
• PV

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Electronic Structure
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Electrons do not orbit nucleii, but move randomly
in space around the nucleus.
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Orbital

• The space in which the electrons (e-) are likely
  to be found
• Max 2 e- per orbital

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Electron Configuration

• A description of the electrons in an atom

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Rule of Electron configuration

• Number energy level (row )
• Letter energy sublevel (area)
• Superscript of e- in sublevel
• d electrons 1 level lt row
• f electrons 2 levels lt row
• Include all filled sublevels

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Energy Levels

• Corresponds to row
• 1 - 7
• Related to size

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Energy Sublevels

• Corresponds to an area on the periodic table
• nodes in orbitals
• s, p, d, f

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s - electrons

• Columns 1A 2A
• Spherical orbitals

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p - electrons

• Col. 3A - 8A or 13 - 18
• Dumbbell shaped orbital
• 3 orbitals per sublevel
• 1 node

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d - electrons

• Cols 3B - 2B or 3 - 12
• Transition area (2 nodes)
• Double dumbbell shaped
• 5 orbitals in sublevel

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f - electrons

• Lower removed area
• Triple dumbbell shaped
• 7 orbitals per sublevel
• 3 nodes

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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5p - - - 4p - - -3p - - - 2p - - -
5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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Ground State

• All electrons are in their lowest possible energy
  state

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Excited State

• One or more electrons are not in their lowest
  possible energy state

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Degenerate Orbitals

• Orbitals at the same energy level

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Write The ECs for

• F
• Rb
• Tc
• As

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Write the ECs for

• Sn Pt
• I Mn2

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Chromium Copper are Kinky
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EC for Transition El.

• 4s23d1 4s23d6
• 4s23d2 4s23d7
• 4s23d3 4s23d8
• 4s13d5 4s13d10
• 4s23d5 4s23d10

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All Transition elements have either 1 or 2
electrons in their outermost energy level
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All inner-transition elements have two electrons
in their outermost energy level
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Write the ECs for
Zn Au Al3 Fe3
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Valence Electrons

• Electrons in the outer most energy level
• Electrons involved in chemical reactions

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Octet Rule

• 8 electrons in the outer level is stable
• elements attempt to get eight electrons in their
  outer level

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Electron Dot Diagram

• Represents the valence electrons in an atom
• Maximum 4 pairs drawn on an imaginary square
  around the symbol

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Chromium Copper Are Kinky
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Transition Dot Diagrams

• Kinky ones have a single
• All the rest have a pair

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Inner Transition Dot Diagrams

• All have a pair

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Wave Formula

• v or c ln lf
• c speed of light
• l wavelength
• n or f frequency

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Calculate the wavelength of your favorite radio
stationFM in MHzAM in kHz
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Planks Formula

• E hf hc/l
• E energy
• h Planks Constant

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Calculate the energy of a photon from your
favorite radio station
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Calculate the energy of uv light at 221 nm
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DeBroglies Formula

• l h/mv

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Calculate the wavelength of a 221 g baseball
thrown at 15 m/s
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Calculate the energy and mass of a photon of IR
light at 1.326 mm
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Spectrum

• The unique set of waves absorbed or emitted by a
  substance

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Absorption Spectrum

• The unique set of wavelengths absorbed by a
  substance
• Atomic Absorption Sp

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Emission Spectrum

• The unique set of wavelengths emitted by a
  substance
• Atomic Emission Sp

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Atomic Absorption Spectrum

• Dark-line Spectrum

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Atomic Emission Spectrum

• Bright-line Spectrum
• http//chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/periodic4.ht
  ml

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Spectroscopy

• The study of a substance under continuous
  excitation energy

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