PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

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The verb to be

• Present Simple
• Present Continuous
• Present Perfect
• Past Simple
• Past Continuous
• Past Perfect
• Future (will)

• am-is-are
• am-is-are being
• have-has been
• was-were
• was-were being
• had been
• will be

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The Passive

• The Parthenon was built in the 5th century BC. It
  is visited by thousands of tourists every year.

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The Passive

to be past participle

• affirmative He was given a book
• interrogative Was he given a book?
• negative He wasnt given a book.

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He wants to be told the truth. He expects to be
given a promotion.
The passive of infinitives

to be past participle
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The letters must be sent tomorrow.The reports
should be typed immediately.
The passive of modal verbs
modal verb be past participle
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Look at the prompts and make sentences using the
present simple passive, as in the
example.Volkswagen cars are made in Germany.

1. a lot of rice/eat/India
2. snails/eat/France
3. Coca Cola/produce/the USA
4. coffee/grow/Brazil
5. beer/produce/Germany

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Do we know who built the Parthenon?

• We use the passive when we dont know who did the
  action of the verb.

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Match columns to make correct sentences using the
past simple passive.Oliver Twist was written by
Charles Dickens.

• The Mona Lisa (paint)
• The Eiffel Tower (build)
• Jurassic Park (direct)
• Carmen (compose)
• America (discover)
• The telephone (invent)
• Alexandria (found)

• Leonardo da Vinci
• Steven Spielberg
• Alexander the Great
• Georges Bizet
• Gustave Eiffel
• Christopher Columbus
• Alexander Graham Bell

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Use The missing
climber was found yesterday.

• Do we know who found the missing climber?
• Is it important to know who found him?
• What is important?

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Mrs Edison is a businesswoman. She was away on a
business trip but now she is back. She wants to
know what has been done while she was away. Ask
and answer as in the example.

• - Have they delivered my new desk?
• - No, it hasnt been delivered yet.
• - Have you posted the invitations?
• Yes, they have already been posted.
• they/repair/the photocopier? (Yes)
• you/type/last month's reports? (No)
• you/place/advertisement in the newspaper?(No)
• you/pay/the bills? (Yes)

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Use We use the passive
when the action of the verb is more important
than the person who carries out the action.
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The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da
Vinci.The boys were rescued by an old woman.

• by Leonardo da Vinci and by an old woman are
  the agents.
• Do we know who painted the Mona Lisa?
• Do we know who rescued the boys?
• The agent is mentioned only when the identity of
  the agent is important or needs to be stated.

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Jims car was stolen last night.

• Do we know who stole Jims car?

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Champagne is made in France.

• Is it important to know who makes champagne?

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The bank robbers are being chased.

• Is it obvious who is chasing the bank robbers?

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We do not mention the agent when it is unknown,
unimportant or obvious from the context.
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Turning the active into the passive

• S V O
• Mary sent the invitations.
• S V agent
• The invitations were sent by Mary.
• What happens to the subjects in the active
  sentence?
• What happens to the verb?
• What happens to the object in the active sentence?

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He is working hard.

• Is there an object of a sentence?
• Only the verbs which take an object of the active
  sentence (transitive verbs) can be turned into
  the passive.

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Someone informed the police.The police were
informed.

• When the subject of the active sentence is one of
  the words people, one, someone, somebody, they,
  he, etc. the agent is often omitted in the
  passive sentence.

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He sent this postcard to me.I was sent this
postcard.

• Object pronouns become subject pronouns in the
  passive.
• A nurse looks after the baby.
• The baby is looked after by a nurse.
• When the verb of the active sentence is followed
  by a preposition, the preposition is kept in the
  passive sentence as well.

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• active

• passive

• She types the letters.
• She is typing the letters.
• She typed the letters.
• She was typing the letters.
• She has typed the letters.
• She had typed the letters.
• She will type the letters.
• She may type the letters.

• The letters are typed.
• The letters are being typed.
• The letters were typed.
• The letters were being typed.
• The letters have been typed.
• The letters had been typed.
• The letters will be typed.
• The letters may be typed.