War and Revolution in China and Vietnam

1
War and Revolutionin China and Vietnam

• Chapter 35

2
Intro

• E. Asia very different (esp. Japan)
• Japan ethnically homogeneous, politically
  unified, militarily adept
• China/Vietnam
• Suffered from Western/Japanese exploitation
• Underdeveloped, overpopulated, poor, pollution
• 1000 years-patterns of life collapse
• others able to preserve culture/society
• C/V- unable to preserve full scale revolutions

3
China

• Power struggle after fall of Qing
• Military warlords (Yuan Shikai)
• Merchants/bankers of coastal cities
• University students, teachers, intellectuals
  (Sun)
• Secret societies
• Intervention by Western powers and Japan
• May 4th Movement
• Sun Yat-sen elected pres., set up parliament
• Sun resigns for Yuan Shikai because he appeared
  to have best chance to unify

4

• Japanese interference
• Yuan resignspower struggle results
• Mass demonstrations (marches, strikes, etc)
• Wanted to transform China to democracy
• Rejected Confucianism
• Wanted western ideas (womens lib, simplify
  Chinese script, individualism, etc)
• Realize no way that democratic elections would
  work-things were so bad had no time!

5
Example of Russian Rev.

• Marxism needed major changes to work in China
• Peasants, not workers
• Li Dazhao-changed ideas
• Mao Zedong was student
• Hated merchants, commerce
• Wanted authoritarian system
• Socialist Youth Corps
• Birth of Chinese communist party - 1921

6
Guomindang

• Nationalist party in north, comm. in south
• Sun Yat-sen
• Alliances with social groups, build army
• Concentrated on political/international instead
  of social reforms
• Support from business people and warlords
• Temporary alliance w/communists
• Communists were link to peasants

7

• Nationalists turn to Russia for help
• Whampoa Military Academy
• Chiang Kai-shek, head of academy, w/ Sun, did not
  like communists
• Military training
• Peasants (90) worst problem
• Sun Yat-sen dies, Chiang takes control of
  Nationalist party, head of warlord heirarchy
• Purged communists
• Alliance breaks up, leads to civil war

8
Long March

• Stalin actually continues to support Nationalists
• Chiang wears down communists in south
• They escape to the north (90,000-20,000)
• Chiang winning Japanese invade
• Military alliance w/ communists
• Ultimately good for Mao, bad for Chiang
• Chiang flees south to Taiwan

9
Maos China

• Army subordinate to the communist party
• Demonstrate new power Tibet, Mongolia, Korea
• Break with Soviets
• Explode nuclear device !!
• Economics land reform, Mass Line, co-ops
• 1000 flowers - ?

10
Great Leap Forward ??

• Small scale industrialization back yard steel
  furnaces
• Benefits of backwardness, joy of mass
  involvement, all areas of life regulated
• Leap failed drought, famine, resistance to
  ideas, etc.
• Population problem
• Pragmatists gain some power

11
Womens roles

• Communists Jiang Qing (Maos wife)
• End foot-binding, win legal rights for women,
  open education and careers
• Used women to advance the communist cause
• Get legal equality, but still burdened in house
• Nationalists Madame Chiang (Chiangs wife)
• Return the women to hearth and home
• Virtue better than learning
• Reverse any gains

12
Cultural Revolution

• Mass student demonstrations, little red books,
  Red Guard
• Want to restore fervor of revolution
• Pragmatists lose power
• Crimes against the people, re-education
• Pragmatist come back (Deng Xiaoping)
• Better relations w/ US
• Gang of Four imprisoned
• Communists have made some successes

13
Vietnam

• Much in common w/ China due to borrowing
• French involvement, many converts
• Tayson Rebellion, Nguyen dynasty first to rule
  unified Vietnam
• Eventually puppet rulers of French
• Poor French management of economy

14
20th century

• New Western educated middle class
• Initially want better jobs, etc., eventually
  leads to independence movement
• VNQDD(nationalists) fail
• Communist party becomes main focus of resistance
• Ho Chi Minh
• Peasant emphasis like China

15
War against the French

• Japan withdraws and leaves a vaccuum
• Viet Minh
• Use guerrilla tactics, beat French (Battle of
  Dien Bien Phu-1954)
• Viet Minh win control of north and promise of
  elections in south

16
War against the US

• Victim of Cold War
• US backed leader in south (Ngo Dinh Diem)
• Not supported by people or communists
• Fighting against Viet Cong
• Diem overthrown, US intervention increases
• Vietnam united at end, but many problems to cope
  with