Human Resources in Operations

1
Human Resources in Operations

• Strategic Planning Process
• Changing Nature of HR Management
• Behavioral Influences and Trends In Job Design In
  Job Design
• Evolution of Job Design
• Elements of Job Design
• Learning Curves

2
Human Resources In Strategic Planning

• TQM recognizes importance of employees
• Education training viewed as long-term
  investments - Motivation for productivity
• Employees
• have broad latitude in jobs
• are trained in wide range of skills
• are empowered to improve quality service

3
Changes In HR Management

• Skilled craftspeople - basic machine shop
• Scientific management - Taylor
• Assembly lines - reduction of labor time
• Limitations of scientific management
• employees lack of motivation to perform
• boredom and mental fatigue
• Behavioral influences in job design

4
Behavioral Influences In Job Design

• 1. Horizontal and Vertical job enlargement
• 2. Motivation of Workers
• 3. Responsibility for job reliability quality
• 4. Job rotation
• 5. Communication between workers

5
Trends In Job Design

• Job and task flexibility - employee versatility
• Responsibility empowerment - Paradigm Shift
• Increased skill ability levels - link to
  training
• Employee involvement compensation - motivation
• Technology automation - increased training
• Temporary employees - increased usage
• Job satisfaction - How do you measure this?

6
Evolution of Job Design 1900s to 1960s -
Scientific Management/Assembly Lines

• Task specialization
• Minimal worker skills
• Repetition
• Minimal job training
• Mass production

• Piece-rate wages
• Time as efficiency
• Minimal job responsibility
• Tight supervisory control

7
Evolution Of Job Design 1970s to 1990s

• Horizontal job enlargement
• Vertical job enlargement
• Extensive job training
• Job responsibility empowerment
• Job control

• Training education
• Job rotation
• Higher skill levels
• Team problem solving
• Employee involvement interaction
• Focus on quality

8
Elements of Job Design
9
Task Analysis

• Description of tasks
• Task sequence
• Function of tasks
• Frequency of tasks
• Criticality of tasks
• Relationship with other jobs/tasks

• Performance rqmts
• Information rqmts
• Control rqmts
• Error possibilities
• Task duration(s)
• Equipment rqmts

10
Worker Analysis

• Capability rqmts
• Performance rqmts
• Evaluation
• Skill level
• Physical rqmts
• Mental stress
• Boredom

• Motivation
• Number of workers
• Level of responsibility
• Monitoring level
• Quality responsibility
• Empowerment level

11
Environmental Analysis

• Work place location
• Process location
• Temperature and humidity
• Lighting
• Ventilation

• Safety
• Logistics
• Space rqmts
• Noise
• Vibration

12
Job Analysis

• Study how job should be done
• Tools
• Process flowchart --gt analyze process steps
• Worker-machine chart --gt study time utilization
• Motion study --gt study human motions in tasks

13
Motion Study

• Frank Lillian Gilbreth
• Find one best way to do task
• Divide task into therbligs (Gilbreth backwards?)
• search, select, grasp, hold
• Out-of-date by the 70s but the principles live
  on

14
General Guidelines For Motion Study

• Efficient Use Of Human Body
• Work - simplified, rhythmic symmetric
• Conserve energy - use machines, minimize
  distances, use momentum
• Efficient Arrangement Of Workplace
• Tools, material, equipment - designated, easily
  accessible location
• Seating work area - comfortable healthy
• Efficient Use Of Equipment
• Equipment mechanized tools enhance worker
  abilities
• Construct arrange equipment to fit worker use

15
Work Measurement

• Estimate standard time required to perform a task
• Methods of performing work measurement
• Stopwatch time study
• Elemental standard time files
• Predetermined motion times
• Work sampling

16
Learning Curve For Mass Production

• Processing time decreases with worker learning
  (experience)
• Time per unit decreases by constant percentage
  each time output doubles
• Use to plan labor, budget scheduling
  requirements

17
Learning Curve

• Processing time per unit

Units produced
18
Computing Time For Nth Unit

• tn t1nb
• Where,
• tn time required for nth unit
• t1 time required for first unit
• n cumulative number of units produced
• b ln r/ln 2, where r is the percentage rate of
  improvement

19
Learning Curve Example

• Contract to produce 36 computers
• t1 18 hours, Learning rate 80
• What is time for 9th, 18th, 36th units?
• t9 (18)(9)ln(0.8)/ln(2) (18)(9)-0.322
• (18)/(9)0.322 (18)(0.493) 8.874hrs
• t18 (18)(18)ln(0.8)/ln(2) (18)(0.394)
  7.092hrs
• t36 (18)(36)ln(0.8)/ln(2) (18)(0.315)
  5.674hrs