Respiration Review

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http//www.youtube.com/watch?v0Vn5AJ_MjfsNR1
The Circulatory System
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HEART STRUCTURE FUNCTION

• Identify give functions for the following
• Left and right atria
• Left and right ventricles
• Coronary arteries and veins
• Anterior and posterior vena cava
• Aorta
• Pulmonary arteries and veins
• Pulmonary trunk
• Atrioventricular valves
• Chordae tendinaea
• Semi-lunar valves
• Septum

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Describe the location and functions of the SA
node, AV node, and Purkinje fibers
Describe the autonomic regulation of the
heartbeat by the nervous system
Relate factors that affect and regulate blood
pressure to hypertension and hypotension
Demonstrate the measurement of blood pressure
Distinguish between systolic and diastolic
pressure
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_____ Inferior Vena Cava _____ Medulla oblongata
_____ Pacemaker _____ Pulmonary artery _____
Pulmonary circuit _____ Pulmonary trunk _____
Pulmonary valve _____ Pulmonary vein _____
Purkinje fibres _____ SA node _____ Semi-lunar
valve _____ Septum _____ Superior Vena Cava _____
Systemic circuit _____ Vagus nerve _____
Ventricle
_____ Aorta _____ Aortic valve _____
Atrioventricular (AV) valves _____ Atrium _____
Autonomic nervous system _____ AV node _____
Blood pressure _____ Brachial artery _____ Bundle
of His _____ Chordae tendineae _____
Constrict _____ Coronary arteries _____ Coronary
veins _____ Dilate _____ Hypertension _____
Hypotension _____ Hypothalamus
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Amazing Heart Facts

• Put your hand on your heart. Where is it?

size of heart child 1 fist adult 2 fists!

• Your heart beats about 100,000 times in one day
  and about 35 million times in a year.

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approximately 10 seconds
only 2/3 of a pound!
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Basic Functions of the Circulatory System
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ANATOMY OF THE HEART
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Where is it?
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The Parts You Need To Know!
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The human heart has 4 well developed chambers

• Right Atrium

• Left Atrium

• Right Ventricle

• Left Ventricle

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The right side of the heart pumps deO2 blood to
the lungs. PULMONARY
The left side of the heart pumps O2 blood to the
body SYSTEMIC
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ATRIA
the receiving chambers
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the
pulmonary veins
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the
anterior posterior vena cava.
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ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
1. Separate the atria from the ventricles.
2. They open when the atria contract.
3. They prevent the blood from going backwards
when the ventricles contract.
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bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
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the real thing
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Bicuspid Valve
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CHORDAE TENDINAE
Tendon-like pieces of tissue
They keep the AV valves from inverting when the
ventricles contract
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They hold support the chordae tendinae
PAPILLARY MUSCLE
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Normal Heart Valves
Heart Murmur
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VENTRICLES
the sending chambers

• When the right atrium contracts, it pushes the
  blood through the tricuspid valve and into the
  right ventricle.

• When the RIGHT VENTRICLE contracts, BP forces
  the TRICUSPID valve to close.

• The BP forces PULMONARY VALVE open the blood
  moves into the PULMONARY TRUNK.

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The PULMONARY ARTERIES take the deO2 blood to the
lungs.
The CO2 is removed from the blood and is replaced
with O2.
AT THE LUNGS
The PULMONARY VEINS take the O2 blood to the
heart.
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What carries the Oxygen?
The protein HEMOGLOBIN binds the O2 tightly and
carries it to the body cells as OXYHEMOGLOBIN!
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pulmonary
systemic
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SEPTUM
separates the 2 sides
A muscular wall that separates the right side of
the heart from the left side. Keeps the deO2
blood from mixing with the O2 blood
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hole in the septum
Some people are born with a hole in their septum
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• When the left atrium contracts, it pushes the
  blood through the bicuspid valve and into the
  left ventricle.

• When the LEFT VENTRICLE contracts, the BICUSPID
  VALVE is forced closed.

• Blood is forced through the AORTIC VALVE and
  enters the AORTA.

• The left ventricle has a THICKER muscle layer.
  WHY?

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• To the head

AORTA

• To the arms lungs

• Coronary Artery to the heart

• To the lower body

the biggest artery
The aorta takes O2 blood to the body.
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CORONARY ARTERIES VEINS
The first branches of the aorta take the blood to
the coronary arteries.
Takes blood into the heart muscle itself. The
coronary veins return the deO2 blood to the vena
cava ? right atrium.
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VENA CAVA
These are the BIGGEST VEINS! They bring the deO2
blood back to the heart so that it can be pumped
to the lungs.
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exterior view of the heart
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draw the arrows
Aortic Arch
Superior Vena Cava
Left Pulmonary Artery
Right Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Trunk
Left Pulmonary Veins
Right Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid (AV) Valve
Right Atrium
Pulmonary (semi-lunar) Valve
Aortic (semi-lunar) Valve
Left Ventricle
Tricuspid (AV) Valve
Right Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Dorsal Aorta
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CONTROL OF HEART FUNCTION
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Why can a heart keep beating outside of the
body?
?
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Coordination of the Beating
Heart cells naturally beat slowly if ATP is
present
If there was no coordination, the heart cells
would all beat randomly
Beating Human Heart http//www.youtube.com/watch
?viX6HnUyzgQ0featurerelated http//www.youtube
.com/watch?vGgPe3k-lK8cfeaturerelated
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How Does The Heart Work to Pump The Blood

• There are two spots of specialized tissue in the
  heart.

• Both are located in the right atrium.

• Nodal tissue is unique made of specialized
  muscle cells combined with nerve cells.

• It has the ability to contract independent of
  other stimuli.

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SA NODE
The SA NODE (sino-atrial)

• This node is found along the wall of the right
  atrium chamber.

• It fires on average, every 0.85 seconds (or 72
  times per minute).

• It stimulates the simultaneous contraction of
  the atria.

• It also sends a nerve impulse along a nerve
  trunk called the BUNDLE OF HIS to the AV NODE

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S A NODE
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PACEMAKER
The SA node initiates the heartbeat and has been
given the nickname of the PACEMAKER
a small electronic device that stimulates the SA
node to fire
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vCxJS0oEQeBQ
People with irregular heartbeats may have to have
an artificial pacemaker inserted.
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PACEMAKER
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The AV NODE (atrioventricular)

• In the right atrium close to the AV (tricuspid)
  valve

• When the AV node receives the impulse from the
  SA node, it fires to initiate the contraction of
  the LARGE ventricles

A.V. NODE
PURKINJE FIBRES

• The AV node sends its message through the P.F.,
  which cause ventricles to contract.

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A V NODE Purkinje fibres
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the pacemaker cells
Atria beat from top down, then pause, and the
ventricles beat from bottom up.
WHY?
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E K G
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vew6Jp74vaN4
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vnK0_28q6WoM
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FROG DISECTION http//www.youtube.com/watch?vfO7l
BX5CSxw
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EKG
There are two parts to the contraction of the
heart
The heart beat is a double sound (lub-dub).
An EKG (electrocardiogram) registers the voltage
changes across the surface of the heart as it
beats.
The letters PQRST are the standard labels used to
identify the parts of the EKG.
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P the simultaneous contraction of the atria
(caused by SA node)
QRS the contraction of the ventricles
(caused by AV node purkinje fibres)
T the recovery of the ventricles
(preparation for next contraction)
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KNOW THIS DIAGRAM!
R
Q
P
S
T
KNOW THIS DIAGRAM!!
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Some Abnormal EKGs
NORMAL
Tachycardia (a heart rate of over 100 beats/min)
Ventricular Fibrillation (uncoordinated
ventricles)
Heart Block (failure to stimulate ventricles
after atrial contraction)
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FIBRILLATION

• If the system really breaks down, the heart
  could go into fibrillation. This is uncoordinated
  contractions of the cardiac muscle.

• When this happens, the pacemaker (SA NODE) will
  send a strong shock through the heart.

• Hopefully the heart muscle will reset itself.

• This is known as defibrillation

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defibrillator

• We also try to do this artificially when people
  are in cardiac arrest!

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HOW IS THE BRAIN INVOLVED
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The natural average resting heart rate is
72 beats per minute
The SA node is connected to the brain by the
VAGUS NERVE (cranial nerve 10).
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The regulation of the heartbeat is under the
influence of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
(not under conscious control)
Sympathetic Nervous System When the brain is
not receiving blood quickly enough, the brain
will signal the SA node (via the vagus nerve) to
speed up its contraction. This will usually
occur in circumstances of FIGHT or FLIGHT. It
will also occur when the blood pressure is too
low.
Parasympathetic Nervous System this system will
reestablish the resting heart rate (60-70
beats/minute) by sending a message via the vagus
nerve to slow the heart rate.
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The part of the brain that governs the speed of
the heart rate is called the MEDULLA OBLONGATA

• It will speed up or slow down the heart rate
  when needed. Under normal circumstances, the
  heart controls itself.

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Problems Of The Heart
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Hardening of the arteries
atherosclerosis
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Cholesterol in the blood can become deposited on
the inside walls of the arteries. This seems to
happen faster in people who Smoke Have high
blood pressure Eat high fat, high cholesterol
foods, or, for other reasons, have high
cholesterol Are overweight Have a lot of
tension and stress Do not exercise
regularly Have diabetes and/or family members
with a history of atherosclerosis
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burst coronary artery
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in men
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in women
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heart attack !
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Before it gets to this point....
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Heart Bypass Surgery
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After surgery
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If it gets too bad to repair...
Heart Transplant
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Perform your own heart transplant
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/eheart/transplantwave
.html
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If there isn't one available...
Abiocor Heart
Made from titanium metal and a special type of
plastic. A rechargeable internal battery
Normally an external power pack transmits power
across the skin.
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BLOOD PRESSURE
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What is YOUR pulse rate at rest? After exercise?
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BLOOD PRESSURE the ventricles pump approx. 70
mL of blood each time they contract.
The pulse you feel is blood stopping and starting
as it moves through your arteries.
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SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (systole) blood pressure when
the ventricles are contracting. Blood is being
forced through the arteries (approx. 120 mmHg)
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DIASTOLIC PRESSURE (diastole) blood pressure as
ventricles are refilling. This is between
contractions, and the blood pressure is less
(appox 80 mmHg).
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Blood pressure is normally measured along the
BRACHIAL ARTERY of the arm.
A reading of 120/80 mmHg is normal.
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When you are younger, your BP will be higher.
Example 13-15 yrs. will be 136-144 over 86-92
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HYPERTENSION
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (ie 150/100)
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High blood pressure sometimes goes unnoticed
until complications set in.
Limit Alcohol
Be Active
Eat less salt
Dont Smoke
Lose Weight
Eat Healthy
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• High Blood Pressure puts constant strain on the
  tissues (especially the capillary beds).

• May cause capillaries to burst

• The longer you have high BP, the greater the
  potential for tissue damage.

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HYPOTENSION
LOW BLOOD PRESSURE (ie 100/60)
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Low blood pressure is not particularly a good
thing either.
It can result from

• Genetics

• Anemia not enough iron

• Dehydration not enough water

• Blood loss

• Shock

Proper kidney function can only be maintained if
there is sufficient pressure for filtration.
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What Factors Affect Blood Pressure?
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• Vessel diameter
• bigger (dilate) lower BP smaller
  (constrict) higher BP

Vasodilation to lower BP
Vasoconstriction to increase BP
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• Blood viscosity
• Thick blood (little water) higher BP Thin
  (lots of water) lower BP

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• Total blood vessel length
• More fat higher BP Thinner lower BP

More fat more vessels more resistance
increased BP
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• Vessel elasticity affected by plaques (fatty
  deposits).
• Elastic vessels lower BP Hardened vessels
  high BP

ATHEROSCLEROSIS
(hardening of arteries decreased
elasticity).
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• Blood volume

Eat lots of salt more volume/water stays in
body higher BP
Sweat a lot less volume/water lower BP
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• Cardiac output
• Heart rate increases higher BP Heart rate
  decreases lower BP

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1. Age as you get older, there is a loss of
   elasticity in the blood vessels.

Young very elastic low BP
Old not elastic high BP
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1. Stress constricts blood vessels which means
   increased pressure to move the blood.

Stressed constricted vessels Higher BP
Calm normal vessels Lower BP
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Heart Animations and Interactives
Animation Your heart valves at
work   Interactive Label the heart  
Interactive Listen to the heart with a
virtual stethoscope Interactive
Explore the structures of the heart and
trace the pathway of blood through the
heart, lungs, and body
Animation See the flow of blood to and from the
exterior heart