ELE22MIC Lecture 9-12

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ELE22MIC Lecture 9-12

• Serial Communications
• AVR USART
• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
  Transmitter (ACIA Asynchronous Communications
  Interface Adapter)
• The AVRs Serial Port
• Serial Data Formats - RS232
• IBM PC UART The 16550 16554
• RS232 / ITU V.24 / EIA232
• Sample Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)

2
Serial Data Transmission (1)

• Serial I/O is the transmission of data over a
  single communication line.
• Cheaper than parallel
• Data is moved sequentially one bit at a time.
• Requires a conversion from parallel data format
  to serial format.
• This conversion is normally performed by a shift
  register driven by a clock.

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Serial Data Transmission (2)

• At the receiving end, data must be reconstructed
  back into parallel format.
• Some method is required to identify bit
  boundaries.
• i.e. how do you differentiate between 000 and
  0000?

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Serial communications
Devices to perform serial communications have
various names - which could be thought of as
synonyms UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter USART Universal Synchronous
Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter ACIA
Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter ACE
- Asynchronous Communications Element The UART
performs serial-to-parallel conversions on data
received from a peripheral device or modem and
parallel-to-serial conversion on data received
from its CPU. The CPU can read the UART status at
any time.
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Serial Data Transmission (3)

• Two methods
• Synchronous Transmission
• Use a common clock to synchronise the receiver
  with the transmitter.
• Therefore requires a separate tine to carry the
  clock.
• Asynchronous Transmission
• The receiver and transmitter has separate,
  independent, accurate local clocks.

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Synchronous Serial Data Transmission (4)

• Synchronous Transmission is used with the Serial
  Peripheral Interface (SPI)
• Uses 4 wires
• Clock
• Data
• Select
• Ground

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Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
During an SPI transfer, data is simultaneously
transmitted (shifted out serially) and received
(shifted in serially). A serial clock line
synchronises shifting and sampling of the
information on the two serial data lines. A
slave select line allows individual selection of
a slave SPI device slave devices that are not
selected do not interfere with SPI bus
activities. On a master SPI device, the slave
select line can optionally be used to indicate a
multiple-master bus contention.
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Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
The SPI can be used to add an extra 8 bit output
port using an 8-bit shifter and latches.
MasterOutSlaveIn MOSI (Serial Data) -gt Pin14
(MSB sent first) Clock -gtPin 11 SS Pin 12
Low during transmission Reset Pin 10 5V OE
Pin 13 0V
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Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
From ATMEGA128 Manual Page 164
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Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
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AVR SPI Control Bits

• Refer PP151-157 - Embedded C Programming, see
  also P167 of ATMEGA128 full datasheet.
• SPCR - SPI Control Register
• SPIE - SPI Interrupt Enable Mask Bit (1 enable)
• SPE - SPI Enable 1 to enable SPI
• DORD - Data ORDer Bit
  If DORD 0, SPI transmits MSB first, else (DORD
  1) transmits LSB first

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AVR SPI Control Bits

• CPOL - Clock Polarity
• CPHA - Clock Phase - determines if data is
  latched on the Leading Edge (0) / Trailing (1)
  edge of SCK
• SPR1SPR0 Spi PRescaler (SPI Frequency)
• 00 System clock divided by 4
• 01 System clock divided by 16
• 10 System clock divided by 64
• 11 System clock divided by 128

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Asynchronous Serial Data Transmission (1)

• RS232 Voltage Levels Data Format
• Line Transceiver with Charge Pump -
• the MAX232 series.
• Serial Data Format
• Start Bit, Data Bits, Parity, Stop Bits
• Errors Framing, Overrun, False Start
• The 6850 ACIA (Asynchronous Communications
  Interface Adapter)
• AKA UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver
  Transmitter) or ACE (Asynchronous Communications
  Element)
• The RS232 Transmission Distance Limits

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USART - Control and Status
There are two identical USARTS in the
ATMEGA128. Each USART has three control status
registers labelled UCSRnA, UCSRnB and UCSRnC,
where n is 0 for USART0 or 1 for USART1. I.e.
The Status Register for USART 0 is UCSR0A, UCSR0B
and UCSR0C, and USART 1 is UCSR1A, UCSR1B and
UCSR1C.
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UCSRnA
RXCn is a flag set when data is received. TXCn is
a flag set when the data frame has been
sent. UDRE is a flag set when the User Data
Register is Empty FEn - Framing Error DORn -
Data OverRun - (Data has been lost) UPEn - Is set
to one if the received character had Parity
Error U2Xn - Double the USART transmission
speed MPCMn - MultiProcessor Communication Mode -
When the frame-type-bit (the 9th bit) is set to
one, the frame contains an address. When the
frame type bit is zero the frame is a data frame.
In this mode, the address frames only are
received, data frames are discarded unless the
address previously matched.
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UCSRnB
RXCIEn RX (Receive) Character Interrupt
Enable. TXCIEn TX (Transmit) Character Interrupt
Enable UDRIE - User Data Interrupt Enable RXENn
- Set - enables the USARTn Receiver. The
Receiver will override normal port operation for
the RxDn pin when enabled.
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UCSRnB
TXENn - enables the USARTn Transmitter. The
Transmitter will override normal port operation
for the TxDn pin when enabled. The disabling of
the Transmitter (writing TXENn to zero) will not
become effective until ongoing and pending
transmissions are completed. RXB8n Receive
Data Bit 8 - is the ninth data bit of the
received character.. Must be read before reading
the low bits from UDRn. TXB8n Transmit Data
Bit 8 - is the 9th data bit in the character to
be transmitted when operating with serial frames
with 9 data bits. Must be written before writing
the low bits to UDRn.
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UCSRnC
There are two identical USARTS in the
ATMEGA128. Each USART has three control status
registers labelled UCSRnA, UCSRnB and UCSRnC To
indicate that the registers naming is the same,
the letter n is used where a 0 (for USART0) or 1
(for USART1) would be. Status Register C -
UCSRnC. I.e. Status Register for USART 1 is
UCSR1C
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USART - Data Frame Format
The AVR USART can transmit and receive 30 various
combinations 1 start bit 5 to 9 data bits
even, odd or no parity, and 1 or 2 Stop bits.
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USART - Data Frame Format
The three bits - USART Character SiZe (UCSZ20) -
select the number of data bits in the frame.
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USART - Transmit
The USARTn Transmit Data Buffer register and
USARTn Receive Data Buffer Registers share the
same I/O address referred to as UDRn (USARTn Data
Register n). The Transmit Data Buffer Register
(TXBn) will be the destination for data written
to the UDRn Register location.
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USART - Transmit
The transmit buffer can only be written when the
UDREn flag in the UCSRAn Register is set. Data
written to UDRn when the UDREn flag is not set,
will be ignored by the USARTn Transmitter. When
data is written to the transmit buffer, and the
Transmitter is enabled, the Transmitter will load
the data into the Transmit Shift Register when
the Shift Register is empty. Then the data will
be serially transmitted on the TxDn pin.
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USART - Transmit Receive
Reading the UDRn Register location will return
the contents of the receive data buffer register
(RXBn). The receive buffer consists of a two
level FIFO. The FIFO will change its state
whenever the receive buffer is accessed. Due to
this behavior of the receive buffer, do not use
read modify write instructions (SBI and CBI) on
this location. Be careful when using bit test
instructions (SBIC and SBIS), since these also
will change the state of the FIFO.
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USART0 USART1 Config
UART0 Control and Status Registers
UART1 Control and Status Registers
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Clock Synchronisation (1)

• The receiver phase locks its local clock to the
  transmitter's clock by detecting the start bit
  and stop bits of a serial frame.
• Thus it does not require a separate clock line as
  the data line contains timing information.
• If the data is sampled in the mid-point of each
  bit the clock error less than to 5 can be
  tolerated with communication remaining error-free
  between transmitter and receiver.

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RS232 - Data Format
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Clock Synchronisation (2)

• Start bit signifies the beginning of the frame
• Stop bit(s) identify the end of the frame
• If the stop bits are received incorrectly it is
  assumed that the receivers clock has drifted out
  of phase, or some other error has occurred, and a
  FRAMING ERROR is declared

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Communication Terminology

• The rate at which data is transmitted is called
  the bit-rate
• Bit-rate is measured in bits per second.
• Baud rate refers to the rate per second of the
  bit symbols used to transmit the serial data.
• i.e. Baud Rate includes the synchronisation
  items start bit stop bit(s). For example If
  using 10 bit symbols per 8 bit character at 9600
  baud equates to a bit rate of 7680 data bits per
  second (or 960 Bytes per second).

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Serial Data Bit Error Detection

• In any data transfer there is the potential for
  bit-errors. Parity can be used as a check that
  the correct bit pattern is received.
• Parity calculation involves adding the 1 bits
  in a frame together.
• Even Parity
• Adding all bits in frame parity_bit gt 0
• Odd Parity
• Adding all bits in frame parity_bit gt 1

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Serial Data Bit Error Detection
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Bit Error Rate (BER) (1)

• The Bit Error Rate - Probability of bit error -
  is the number of bit errors measured at the
  receiver through a communication system. The
  transmission channel may be Radio, Optical Fibre,
  Copper Cable, etc.
• In analog communications the important unit of
  measure is the Signal to Noise ratio.
• These measures are useful to characterise a
  system and can be measured or simulated.

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Bit Error Rate (BER) (2)

• If the quality of the system is high, the single
  bit error rate may be measured in years. In this
  case a single parity bit would be sufficient to
  determine data errors re-transmission could
  recover the correct data.
• The probability of double-bit errors would become
  negligible. Double-bit errors cannot be detected
  using a single parity bit.

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Improving Noise Immunity

• One way of improving noise immunity sample
  multiple times through each bit and at each
  sample time, check the status of each bit. Take
  the most common value of the sample as the bit
  value.

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Bilby Schematic
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AVR to USART Connections
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USART Syncyronous/Asynchronous
The USART supports four modes of clock operation
1. Normal Asynchronous, 2. Double-Speed
Asynchronous, 3. Master Synchronous, and 4.
Slave Synchronous mode. The UMSEL bit in USART
Control and Status Register C (UCSRC) selects
between asynchronous and synchronous operation.
Double speed (Asynchronous mode only) is
controlled by the U2X found in the UCSRA
Register. When using Synchronous mode (UMSEL
1), the Data Direction Register for the XCK pin
(DDR_XCK) controls whether the clock source is
internal (Master mode) or external (Slave mode).
The XCK pin is only active when using
Synchronous mode.
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AVR USART
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AVR USART CLOCK CIRCUIT
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USART Clock Signals
Signal descriptions txclk Transmitter clock.
(Internal Signal) rxclk Receiver base clock.
(Internal Signal) Slave Synchronous mode
operation only xcki Input from XCK pin (internal
Signal). Master Synchronous mode operation
only xcko Clock output to XCK pin (Internal
Signal). fosc XTAL (Crystal) pin frequency
(System Clock).
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AVR USART BAUD RATE
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AVR USART BAUD RATE
42
USART Baud Rate Setup
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USART Synchronous Mode
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USART Transmit Character Code
The following code examples show a simple USART
transmit function based on polling of the Data
Register Empty (UDRE) flag. When using frames
with less than eight bits, the most significant
bits written to the UDR are ignored. The USART
has to be initialised before the function can be
used. For the assembly code, the data to be
sent is assumed to be stored in Register R16
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USART Transmit Character Code
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USART Transmit Complete Flag
The Transmit Complete (TXC) flag bit is set one
when the entire frame in the Transmit Shift
Register has been shifted out and there are no
new data currently present in the transmit
buffer. The TXC flag bit is automatically
cleared when a transmit complete interrupt is
executed, or it can be cleared by writing a one
to its bit location. The TXC flag is useful in
half-duplex communication interfaces, like RS485,
where a transmitting application must enter
receive mode and free the communication bus
immediately after completing the transmission.
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USART Parity Generator
The parity generator calculates the parity bit
for the serial frame data. When parity bit is
enabled (UPM1 1), the transmitter control logic
inserts the parity bit between the last data bit
and the first stop bit of the frame that is sent.
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USART Parity Generator
The parity bit is calculated by performing an
exclusive-or of all the data bits. If odd parity
is used, the result of the exclusive or is
inverted.
If parity is disabled, UPM10, then no parity bit
is transmitted.
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USART Receive Character Code
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Serial Data Bit Sampling

• The signal is sampled by the ACIA in the middle
  of each bit period.

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Serial communications
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Serial communications

• The EIA RS-232 interface standard defines the
  connector type, pin numbers, line names, and
  signal levels used to connect data terminal
  equipment to data communications equipment for
  the purpose of transmitting and receiving data.
• The ITU V.24 interface standard is equivalent to
  the RS-232C standard therefore, the descriptions
  of the EIA standards also apply to the CCITT
  standards.

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Establishing A Serial Communications Link
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Serial communications
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Serial communications
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Modern Serial communications
The 16C550x are functional upgrades of the of
the 16C450 - equivalent to the 16C450 on power
up, but can be placed in an alternate FIFO mode.
The automatic FIFO mode relieves the CPU of
excessive software overhead by buffering received
and transmitted characters. The receiver and
transmitter FIFOs store up to 16 bytes including
three additional bits of error status per byte
for the receiver FIFO.
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Modern Serial communications
In the FIFO mode, there is a selectable autoflow
control feature that can significantly reduce
software overload and increase system efficiency
by automatically controlling serial data flow
using RTS output and CTS input signals.
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Automatic Flow Control
ACE - Asynchronous Communications Element ACIA -
Asynchronous Communications Interface
Adapter UART - Universal Asyncronous Receiver
Transmitter
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RS232 Pin Descriptoions
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment eg Computers
Terminals) DTE Pin Descriptions
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RS232 Cables
DCE to DTE Straight Through Computer to Modem
Cable
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RS232 Cables
Popular Wiring Methods for RS232 DTE to DTE
Null Modem - Eg Laplink
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RS232 Cables
DTE to DTE 3-Wire Null Modem Serial Terminal
to Computer Cable. Requires XON-XOFF flow control
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RS232 Cables
9 Pin to 25 Pin Connector DTE-DTE cable
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Serial communications
Typical 3-wire serial connection
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Transmission Distance (1)

• RS232 Communications has limited slew rate to
  decrease EMI radiation.
• The slew rate is due to driver current limiting
  and capacitance between the wires.
• The longer the wire, the greater the capacitance.
  
• Cable with capacitance of 40pF/m gt 100m 4nF.

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Transmission Distance (2)
Speed versus distance limitations for
EIA/TIA-232. Data Rate (baud) Distance
(metres) 2400 65 4800 34 9600
16 19200 8 38400 4 57600
3 114200 1.5
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IBM PC Serial communications
16550 UART Configuration
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Serial communications
16550 UART BAUD RATE Generation using a
3.072-MHz Crystal
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Serial communications
16550 UART BAUD RATE Generation using a 1.8432
MHz Crystal
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Serial communications
16550 UART Configuration At IO Address COM1
3F8..3FF, COM2 2F8..2FF, COM3 3E8..3EF, COM4
2F8..2FF
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(No Transcript)
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Serial communications
Interrupt Enable Register (IER) The IER enables
each of the five types of interrupts and enables
INTRPT in response to an interrupt generation.
The IER can also disable the interrupt system
by clearing bits 0 through 3. The contents of
this register are summarised in the previous table
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Serial communications
Interrupt Identification Register (IIR) P1 The
ACE has an on-chip interrupt generation and
prioritization capability. The ACE provides four
prioritized levels of interrupts Priority 1 -
Receiver line status (highest priority) Priority
2 - Receiver data ready/receiver character
time-out Priority 3 - Transmitter holding
register empty Priority 4 - Modem status (lowest
priority) When an interrupt is generated, the
IIR indicates that an interrupt is pending and
encodes the type of interrupt in its three least
significant bits (bits 0, 1, and 2).
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Serial communications
Interrupt Identification Register (IIR) P2 Detail
on each bit is as follows Bit 0 When bit 0 is
cleared, an interrupt is pending Bits 1 and 2
These two bits identify the highest priority
interrupt pending as indicated in the previous
table. Bit 3 This bit is always cleared in
16C450 mode. In FIFO mode, bit 3 is set with bit
2 to indicate that a time-out interrupt is
pending. Bits 4 and 5 not used (always
cleared). Bits 6 and 7 These bits are always
cleared in 16C450 mode. They are set when bit 0
of the FIFO control register is set.
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Serial communications
Line Control Register (LCR) In addition, the
programmer is able to retrieve, inspect, and
modify the contents of the LCR this
eliminates the need for separate storage of the
line characteristics in system memory. Bits 0
and 1 Number of bits in each serial
character. 005 bits, 016 bits, 107 bits,
118 bits Bit 2 Specifies either 1, 1.5 or 2
stop bits If Bit 3 parity bit is generated in
transmitted data between the last data word bit
and the first stop bit. In received data parity
is checked. If Bit 30 no parity is generated
or checked.
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Serial communications
Line Control Register (LCR) When parity is
enabled and Bit 41 Even Parity - An even number
of logic 1s in the data and parity bits is
selected. Bit40 odd parity - An odd number of
logic 1s is selected. Bit 51 Stick Parity. The
parity bit set to 0. Bit 50 Stick parity is
disabled.
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Serial communications
Line Control Register (LCR) Bit 6 Break control
bit. Bit 6 is set to force a break condition
i.e., a condition where SOUT is forced to the
spacing (cleared) state. Bit 7 Divisor Latch
Access Bit (DLAB). Bit 7 must be set to access
the divisor latches of the baud generator during
a read or write. Bit 7 must be cleared during a
read or write to access the receiver buffer, the
THR, or the IER.
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Serial communications
Line Status Register (LSR) Bit 0 Data Ready (DR)
indicator for the receiver. DR is set whenever a
complete incoming character has been received and
transferred into the RBR or the FIFO. DR is
cleared by reading all of the data in the RBR or
the FIFO. Bit 1 Overrun Error (OE) indicator.
When OE is set, it indicates that before the
character in the RBR was read, it was overwritten
by the next character transferred into the
register.
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Serial communications
Line Status Register (LSR) Bit 2 Parity Error
(PE) indicator. When PE is set, it indicates that
the parity of the received data character does
not match the parity selected. In the FIFO mode,
this error is associated with the particular
character in the FIFO to which it applies. This
error is revealed to the CPU when its associated
character is at the top of the FIFO. Bit 3
Framing Error (FE) indicator. When FE is set, it
indicates that the received character did not
have a valid (set) stop bit. Bit 4 Break
Interrupt (BI) indicator. When BI is set, it
indicates that the received data input was held
low for longer than a full-word transmission
time.
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Serial communications
Line Status Register (LSR) Bit 5 Transmit Hold
Register Empty (THRE) indicator. THRE is set when
the THR is empty, indicating that the ACE is
ready to transmit a new character. Bit 6
Transmitter Empty (TEMT) indicator. TEMT bit is
set when the THR and the TSR are both empty. When
either the THR or the TSR contains a data
character, TEMT is cleared. In the FIFO mode,
TEMT is set when the transmitter FIFO and shift
register are both empty. Bit 7 Used In the FIFO
mode to indicate an error condition in the FIFO
buffer.
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Serial communications
Modem Control Register (MCR) Bit 0 This bit
(DTR) controls the DTR output. Bit 1 This bit
(RTS) controls the RTS output. Bit 2 This bit
(OUT1) controls OUT1, a user-designated output
signal. Bit 3 This bit (OUT2) controls OUT2, a
user-designated output signal. Bit 5 AutoFlow
Control Enable (AFE). When set, the autoflow
control is enabled.
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Serial communications
Modem Control Register (MCR) Bit 41 Local Loop
Back feature for diagnostic testing. The
transmitter SOUT is set high. The receiver SIN is
disconnected. The output of the TSR is looped
back into the receiver shift register input.
-The four modem control inputs (CTS, DSR, DCD,
and RI) are disconnected. The four modem
control outputs (DTR, RTS, OUT1, and OUT2) are
internally connected to the four modem control
inputs. The four modem control outputs are
forced to the inactive (high) levels.
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Acknowledgements

• I used Altium Protel 98 and Protel DXP to create
  these schematic diagrams
• ATMEL ATMEGA128 Reference Manual
• IEEE Electronics Engineers Handbook, 4th Edn,
  Donald Christiansen - Definitions of BAUD BER
• Seng Gohs original notes