Greek Architecture and Sculpture

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Greek Architecture and Sculpture Chapter 11 Sec. 3
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• Background
• The Greeks were very interested in making
  beautiful temples and buildings
• They made these for the Gods and themselves
• They developed a certain type of architecture
  that is still seen in the world today

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Greek Columns (1) every column has 3
parts (a) capital (top) (b) shaft
(middle) (c) base (bottom)
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(2) The Greeks invented 3 different types of
columns (a) Doric columns most simple and most
popular
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• Capital plain and undecorated looks like a
  round cushion under a rectangular block
• Shaft bulges slightly in middle to make column
  look straight
• Base platform used, sometimes not used

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• (b) Ionic columns (fancier)
• Capital looks like rams horns
• Shaft much thinner with more fluting
• Base decorated, stepped or layered, with a
  supporting block of stone

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Ionic Columns
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• (c) Corinthian columns (fanciest)
• Capital highly decorated and ornate with leaves
• Shaft Maximum fluting
• Base stepped and decorated

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Corinthian Columns
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Corinthian columns at the Louvre
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• (3) The Greeks also used frieze to decorate their
  buildings
• (a) Frieze is a horizontal band of decoration
  at the top of a temple
• (b) External frieze- located above columns
• (c) Internal frieze- around upper portion of
  inner walls

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frieze
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• At the Parthenon, the frieze depicts the
  Panathenaic Procession, which was a procession
  that led citizens to a festival to celebrate
  Athena

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• (4) Pediment is another type of decoration
• (a) It is the triangular area above the external
  frieze

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• At the Parthenon, the sculptures depict Athenas
  birth
• Also show Athena and Poseidons battle over
  Athens (where Athena wins with the olive tree)

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Parthenon temple to Athena
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Parthenon
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• (1) Information
• designed by Ictinus
• masterpiece of Greek architecture
• appears perfectly straight
• Doric columns
• made of marble

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• (2) notable parts of the Parthenon
• (a) cella- inside room (only priests allowed)
• was the location of Phidias statue of Athena

Athena Parthenos
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(3) Temple of Athena Nike (a) means Victorious
Athena (b) porch of columns at both ends-
Ionic columns
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Greek Sculpture (1) Six things to remember
about Greek sculpture (a) emphasis on body
curves
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(b) lots of muscles (ideal, perfect body)
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(c) no pupils in the eyes
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(d) nude or draped in thin, flowing clothes
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(e) curly hair
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(f) made of marble or bronze
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The Olympic Games
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Greek Cultural Contributions Notes (page 2)
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• The Olympic Games
• First Olympic Games held in 776 BCE at Olympia,
  Greece

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• Held every 4 years (a 4-year period is called
  an Olympiad)
• Started as a 5-day summer festival to honor the
  god Zeus

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• All wars, battles, etc. stopped during the
  Olympics

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• Only men competed
• (1) women were not even allowed to watch!
• (2) there was a separate Olympics for women -
  Heraea

Who might they have been named after?
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• Each athlete swore to Zeus to honor the rules
  of the game
• (1) punishment athlete was fined
• (2) made statues of cheaters so they could be
  mocked

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• Events
• (1) Day 1
• (a) sacrifices to Zeus (bulls)

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(2) Day 2 (a) chariot races at the hippodrome
(oval track) (b)
pentathlon (5 events)
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(3) Day 3 (a) more sacrifices
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(4) Day 4 (a) foot races (ran barefoot) (b)
wrestling (c) boxing (d)
pankration (free-for-all fight)
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(5) Day 5 (a) champions receive olive wreaths
and have big banquet
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• Ancient Olympics stopped being held in 394 CE
• (1) Roman Emperor felt they were a pagan event

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• 1896 CE Olympic Games were restarted
• (1) 1900 women allowed to compete
• (2) 1924 Winter Olympics were added
• (3) 1992 last year that the Summer and
  Winter Olympics were held in the same year

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When and where are the next Olympics?
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• Every 2 years, the Olympic flame is lit at
  Olympia, Greece and carried to the present site
  of the Olympics.

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The Greek Theater Chapter 11 Section 2
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• Greek Theater
• General Information
• Drama is the art dealing with the writing and
  production of plays - created by the Greeks

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• Theater is the presentation of drama also
  created by the Greeks

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• Greek theater grew out of festivals given to
  honor Dionysus (god of wine, theater, and revelry)

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The Birth of Theater Step 1 It began as
people telling stories about Dionysus at
festivals Step 2 A chorus began chanting and
dancing the stories to music
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Step 3 At certain points, the chorus fell
silent - The chorus leader would give a
soliloquy Step 4 Gradually, the chorus became
shorter and the soliloquies became longer
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Step 5 Stories were no longer just told about
Dionysus They began to be told about other gods
and heroes Step 6 Eventually, a 2nd character
was added, then a 3rd acting was possible
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Step 7 - The play was born!
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• Tragedies
• The first Greek plays were tragedies (1)
  stories about suffering (2) usually had an
  unhappy ending
• 3.) Relationships between Gods and men/FATE
• 4.) Serious matters

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• During the Golden Age, there was a festival to
  honor Dionysus called the Dionysia
• (1) the highlight was a drama competition
  between 3 tragic playwrights at the Theatre
  of Dionysus

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• Three of the greatest writers of Greek tragedies
  (1) Aeschylus power
  and its effect on people

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(2) Sophocles how suffering can make you a
better person
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(3) Euripides people suffer because they do
bad things
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• Comedies
• Comedies developed after tragedies (1) had
  happy endings hero triumphs (2) often
  poked fun at people

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(3) Greatest writer of comedies - Aristophanes
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• More General Information
• All performers in Greek plays were males
• (1) female parts played by men in costumes

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• Costumes and masks were worn by actors (1)
  showed 3 things about the character
  (a) gender (b) age (c) mood

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• Amphitheaters outdoor theaters where plays
  were viewed
• (1) men and women allowed to watch (2)
  poor people could go for free

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Greek amphitheaters
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• Oedipus Rex cheat sheet
• Thebes- city-state in Greece
• Laius- King of Thebes
• Jocasta- Queen of Thebes
• Oracle at Delphi- most famous Greek oracle
• Oedipus- Son born to Laius and Jacosta but given
  up at birth. He does not know he is adopted and
  lives with adoptive parents in Corinth
• The Sphinx- a Greek creature with the body of a
  lion, eagles wings, a serpents tail, and the
  head of a woman
• Teiresias- blind prophet