Greek and Roman Terms

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Greek and Roman Terms

• From the Mona Lisa Art Book

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Golden Age

• 480-430 BC explosion of creativity
• unparalleled excellence in art, architecture,
  poetry, drama, philosophy, law, govt, logic,
  history, and mathematics

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Age of Pericles

• Also known as the Age of Pericles
• THE GOLDEN AGE
• named after the Athenian leader who championed
  democracy and free-thinking

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Protagoras

• Summed up Greek philosophy
• man is the measure of all things
• emphasized rational inquiry

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Greek Philosophy

• Stressed harmony, order, and clarity of thought
• Greek art and architecture reflected similar
  balance

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Trompe loeil

• Lifelike paintings realistic detail
• French term literally meaning "trick the eye."
• a style of painting which gives the appearance of
  three-dimensional realism.

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Pere Borrell del Caso (Spanish, 19th century),
Escaping Criticism, 1874.
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Geometric Style

• Earliest vase design
• figures primarily geometric shapes

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Pyxis with a lid in the form of an
Oinochoe Geometric Period circa 800 BC
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Archaic Period

• Later period
• black forms standout against reddish background
  scratched details with a needle to expose the red
  beneath

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Dionysus in a Sailboat c. 550-521 From the
Archaic Period Notice the black figure on the
red background
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Contrapposto

• Discovery of weight shift
• weight rested on one leg with body with body
  realigned accordingly
• illusion of arrested motion

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Aphrodite from the Greek Island of Melos by the
sculptor Alexandros of Antioch-on-the-Meander. 
Hellenistic era The statue is marble, from c.150
BC
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3 (or 4) Greek Innovations in Art

• Nude figure
• ideal proportions
• folds of clothing draped
• contrapposto

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Parthenon

• White marble perfection in Greek architectural
  style
• remained intact until 1687 when a direct rocket
  destroyed its core
• a temple for the Greek goddess Athena,
• Part of the Athenian Acropolis.
• most important surviving building of Classical
  Greece,

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Entablature

• The upper part of a Greek or Roman Column,
• Comprised of architrave, frieze, and cornice.

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The Entablature
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• Ionic order entablatureA. corniceB. friezeC.
  architraveD. entablature(Precision Graphics)

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Phidias

• 500-432 BC
• famous Athenian sculpture
• 1st used to display drapery to reveal the body

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See the draping
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Polykleitos

• 450-420 BC
• wrote book on proportion
• most celebrated work is a colossal statue of Hera

The head of Hera from an Argive coin, may be the
best representation we have left of Polykleitos
Hera
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Praxiteles

• Sculptor famous for 1st entirely nude Aphrodite
  statue
• introduced sensual physical beauty

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Pediment

• low-pitched triangular area on the front of some
  buildings in Greek architecture
• Usually filled with relief scultpure

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Pediment at Parthenon
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Doric

• Standard, least ornamented
• column topper

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Ionic

• Scroll top

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Corinthian

• Most ornamented
• column topper
• with the acanthus
• plant

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Followed the rules of what?

• Symmetry
• Proportion

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Geometric Art

• 9th and 8th c.
• pottery ornamented with geometric banding and
  friezes of simplified animals/humans

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Archaic Art

• 600-480 BC
• period includes
• KOUROS stone figures
• and vase painting

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Kouros

• (nude male youth) 625-480 BC
• free standing statues of human figure
• frontal stance
• left foot forward
• clenched fists
• grimace known as archaic smile

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Kourosca. 600 BCEMarble, appox. 6 feet
highArchaic Greek
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Classical Art

• 480-323 BC
• peak of Greek art and architecture
• idealized figure
• exemplified order and harmony

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Hellenistic Art

• 323-331 BC
• Greek derived style
• more melodramatic than Classical Style
• dramatic posing, sweeping lines, and high
  contrast of light, shadow and emotions
• More experimentation and a sense of freedom that
  allowed the artist to explore his subjects from
  different unique points of view

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Greek vs. Roman

• GREEK
• Temples to gods
• Cut stone block
• Square and straight lines
• Post and lintel
• Doric, ionic
• Idealized
• Mythology

• ROMAN
• Civic buildings
• Concrete
• Circles, curved lines
• Arches
• Vaults
• Corinthian
• Realistic
• Leaders, military

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Post and Lintel

• 2 vertical posts, 1 horizontal

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Basilica

• Oblong building with semicircular apse on either
  side with high clerestory windows
• used as a meeting place
• Now refers to a large and important church (like
  St. Peters Basilica in Vatican)

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Basilica, or Temple of Hera (mid 6th century BC).
Campania, Italy
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Barrel Vault

• Deep arch forming half cylindrical roof

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Groin Vault

• Two intersecting barrel vaults at the same height
  forming a right angle

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Roman Baths

• Large crowds bathed in pools of varying
  temperatures
• elaborate pipe system stoked by slaves
• heated baths and exercise rooms

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1. Entrance 2. Toilets 3. Palaestra 4.
Apodyterium5. Tepidarium 6. Caldarium 7.
Frigidarium 8. Entertainment9. Art 10. Food
Alcohol
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Wax Death Masks

• Kept in homes
• realistic images were completely factual molds
  made of the dead persons features

Death mask of Dante Alighieri, Italian poet,
1265-1321.
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Death mask of Friedrich Nietzsche, German
philosopher, 1844-1900, plaster.
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Narrative Relief

• Panels of sculpted figures
• depicting military exploits which
• decorated the triumphal arches
• column of Trajan most
• ambitious (650 feet long)

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Use of Concrete

• Pioneered the creative use of concrete

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The Coliseum

• Place of large-scale public entertainment,
• 50, 000 spectators
• also a place for naval battles (mock)

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Pompeii

• Covered with 18 feet of ash and pumice
• it was once a resort community

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Mt. Vesuvius

• Erupted and covered Pompeii and Herculaneum
• mushroom cloud 12 miles high

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Herculaneum

• Covered with 18 feet of ash and pumice

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Mosaic

• Made of bits of colored stone and glass

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