Title: Sudan: Civil War, Independence
1SudanCivil War, Independence Darfur
2Interactive Map
Ethnicity
Religion
3MAPS as of 7/2011
-1899-1956 Egypt and UK have joint authority on
Sudan (Egypt- North, UK- South) -Independence
1956 from UK -UK gave power to Islamic Khartoum
41st Civil War
- 1956-1972
- Cause
- General Ibrahim Abboud tried to Islamize South
- Police force/ guerilla forces Anya-Nya (snake
poison) resisted - 1969 Jaafar al-Nimeiri military coup in North
- Cold War
- USSR-North, USA-South
- Peace
- 1972
- Addis Ababa Peace Agreement
- Power sharing between North and South
- BUT wealth and power in the NORTH
52nd Civil War
- Years 1983-2002(3)
- Cause
- Nimeiri-
- Encouraged forced Islam-ization of South and
allowed exiled Islamic leaders terrorists back
in country. - Issued the September Laws
- Sudan became an Islamic state (Arabic official
language, Sharia Law) - Oil discovered in South!
- Major Players
- SPLA
- Major Southern Army/ Resistance group
- Sudanese Peoples Liberation Army
- Led by John Garang of the Dinka Tribe
- Omar Al-Bashir
- Sudanese President from 1989-today
- Violent crackdown on South
- Lost Boys
- Refugees from the 2nd Sudanese Civil War (1980s)
- Peace Treaty
- North/South Peace Process- 2002
6Lost Boys of Sudan
- Since 1983, the Sudan People's Liberation Army
(SPLA) and the Sudanese Government have been at
war in southern Sudan. The conflict has already
claimed more than 500,000 lives and displaced
huge numbers of people. Among these were at least
20,000 children, mostly boys, between 7 and 17
years of age who were separated from their
families. These 'lost boys' of the Sudan trekked
enormous distances over a vast unforgiving
wilderness, seeking refuge from the fighting.
Hungry, frightened and weakened by sleeplessness
and disease, they crossed from the Sudan into
Ethiopia and back, with many dying along the way.
The survivors are now in camps in Kenya, the
Sudan and Uganda. - Documentary
- 60 minutes
72002/2003 Peace AgreementReferendum on
Independence
- South Sudan takes first steps to independence
- Historic election is marked by new fears of
Khartoum-inspired violence. Daniel Howden reports
from Bor - Monday, 12 April 2010
- Bashir wins Sudan election. Now what?
- Sudan announced today that President Omar
al-Bashir won the April 11-15 Sudan election n
that Critics call a sham. Supporters say it gives
the longtime military ruler new legitimacy. - By Scott Baldauf, Staff writer / April 26, 2010
- Sudan's Bashir promises southern independence
vote on time - Khartoum. Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir vowed
a promised referendum on independence for the
south will go ahead as planned in January next
year after he was declared winner of a landmark
national election, AFP reports."I assure (you)
the referendum in south Sudan will take place on
schedule," Bashir said in an address carried by
state television. - 26 April 2010 1841 FOCUS News Agency
8(No Transcript)
9Independence and beyond
- Important Facts
- January 9th, 2011 South Sudan begins voting on
Independence video - January 15th, 2011 Voting for independence
closes article - February Independence confirmed article
- Q A
- Article
- Independence July 9th, 2011
- Today
- Brink of war (CNN explains)
- The South Sudanese government and military,
dominated by the Dinka ethnic group of President
Salva Kiir, is fighting rebels allied with former
Vice President Riek Machar of the Nuer ethnic
group - At stake for now is control of oil-rich regions
responsible for more than 95 of the country's
economy, and perhaps leadership of the country.
10(No Transcript)
11Genocide
Darfur
- UN
- The government of Sudan and militias have acted
together in committing widespread atrocities in
Darfur that should be prosecuted by an
international war crimes tribunal, but the
violent acts do not amount to genocide, a U.N.
commission has said. (CNN) - US
- The United States was the first to label the
killing genocide. In Sept. 2004, then-Secretary
of State Colin Powell said, "This was a
coordinated effort, not just random violence."
12Darfur
- The genocide in the Darfur region of
western Sudan began in 2003, when the government
of Sudan began sponsoring attacks against the
people of Darfur. The genocide has claimed
400,000 lives and displaced over 2,500,000
people. - Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â About the size of Texas, the Darfur
region is home to racially mixed tribes of
settled peasants, who identify as African, and
nomadic herders, who identify as Arab. The
majority of people in both groups are Muslim. - Â Â Â Â Â Â In February 2003, frustrated by poverty
and neglect from the government in Khartoum (the
Sudanese capital), two Darfurian rebel groups
launched an uprising against the Khartoum
government. Claiming to be putting down the
insurrection, the government responded with a
scorched-earth campaign against the innocent
civilians of Darfur, enlisting the janjaweed, a
militia drawn from members of Arab tribes in the
region, to perpetrate the attacks. - Â Â Â Â Â Â Since February 2003, the
government-sponsored Janjaweed have used rape,
displacement, organized starvation, threats
against aid workers, and mass murder. - Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
Refugees in Menawashi, Darfur
- TIMELINE
- In March 2003, violence broke out  between the
government and rebels from Darfur. Nearly 300
thousand people were killed over a decade of
fighting and famine. - In 2009, the rebels signed a peace agreement with
the government during talks in the Qatari capital
but not everyone accepted the deal. - April 2013, world leaders begin rebuilding
process at a conference in Doha, Qatar
13The International Criminal Court is accepting
supporting evidence of children's drawings of the
alleged crimes committed in Darfur. This sketch
by Abdul Maggit depicts a typical scene of
destruction.
14Omar Al-BashirPresident of SudanCharged with
genocide by ICC
- On March 4, 2009 Sudanese President Omar al
Bashir, became the first sitting president to be
indicted by ICC for directing a campaign of mass
killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in
Darfur. The arrest warrant for Bashir follows
arrest warrants issued by the ICC for former
Sudanese Minister of State for the Interior Ahmad
Harun and Janjaweed militia leader Ali Kushayb.
The government of Sudan has not surrendered
either suspect to the ICC.
- 2009
- We will NOT bow to colonialists!
- 2011
- Conflict in Darfur my responsibility
15Doha Accords
- Agreement between JEM (largest rebel group) and
Khartoum Feb 2009. - step in the right direction to ending the
six-year conflict, but there is still a long way
to go - But Some experts have serious doubts about
whether the accord can be turned into a
significant peace settlement for Darfur - "The proof will be in what happens next," says
Sudan expert Alex De Waal. - SLA Khartoum wants opposition fragmentation.
- These talks, he claims, are a government tactic
to avoid the International Criminal Court
indicting the country's president. - With the signing of a ceasefire agreement between
the Justice and Equality Movement and Sudan's
president, the BBC's James Copnall considers if
Darfur will find real peace.
16Doha 2013
- Rebuilding Darfur Should international
donations be spent on building infrastructure or
on facilitating peace keeping measures? - CNN STORY
- Ten years after the start of the fighting in
Darfur, world leaders say it is time to rebuild. - Delegates from around the world have arrived in
Doha, Qatar's capital, with the objective to
raise billions of dollars to pay for
infrastructure, food and clean water. - The UK took a lead role on Sunday, pledging
16.5m before the conference began but other
countries still have a long way to go to reach
their goal of more than 7bn. - The UN says it needs more than 170m a year to
provide humanitarian assistance to refugees
displaced by the conflict - hundreds of thousands
of Darfur refugees are still living in
neighbouring Chad. And while many say they dream
of going home, they are also afraid of what
awaits them. - This conference will address a major question,
that after 10 years of war and destruction, let
us take Darfur to another step from relief, from
emergency - let them take these people to
development, to reconstruction and let them have
a positive message for the people of Darfur,
that the entire world is with you and that
through peace and stability you can rebuild your
country and you can make Darfur again powerful
and prosperous. - Atta al-Mannan Bakhait, the Organisation of
Islamic Cooperaton
17How to Prevent the Next Darfur
- The world's worst man-made disaster highlights
the potentially catstrophic effects of climate
change on Africa (see TIME article)