Chapter Ten

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Chapter Ten

• Violent Crime

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Objectives

• Be familiar with the various causes of violent
  crime
• Know the concept of the brutalization process
• Be able to discuss the history of rape and know
  the different types of rape
• Be able to discuss the legal issues in rape
  prosecution
• Recognize that there are different types of
  murder
• Be able to discuss the differences among serial
  killing, mass murder, and spree killing
• Be familiar with the nature of assault in the
  home
• Understand the careers of armed robbers
• Be able to discuss newly emerging forms of
  violence such as stalking, hate crimes, and
  workplace violence
• Understand the different types of terrorism and
  what is being done to combat terrorist activities

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Causes of Violence

• Psychological/Biological Abnormality
• Evolutionary factors/Human Instinct
• Substance abuse
• Socialization and Upbringing
• Exposure to Violence
• Cultural Values/subculture of Violence
• Peer Group Influence
• National Values

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Forcible Rape

• The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and
  against her will.
• One of the most loathed, misunderstood, and
  frightening of crimes
• There many forms of sexual assault, including
  male on male, female on female, and female on
  male, but these are not considered within the
  traditional definition of rape
• In early civilization rape was common, throughout
  recorded history, rape has been associated with
  armies and warfare.

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Types of Rape

• Gang rape as many as 25 percent or more involve
  multiple offenders, offenders are more violent
• Serial Rape attacks multiple victims some are
  blitz rapes and others capture rapes
• Acquaintance rape involves someone known to the
  victim, including family members and friendship
• Date rape people who are in some form of
  courting relationship
• Marital rape rape between a married couple
• Statutory rape sexual relations between an
  underage minor female and an adult male

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Causes of Rape

• Evolutionary, Biological factors
• Male socialization
• Psychological abnormality
• Social learning
• Sexual motivation

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Rape and the Law

• Proving Rape it is extremely challenging for
  prosecutors, sometimes the blame is shifted from
  rapist to victim. To get a conviction, it is
  necessary to establish that the act was forced
  and violent
• Consent in a sense the burden of proof is on the
  victim, she must show that her character is
  beyond question and that she did not encourage,
  entice, or misled the accused rapist
• Reform laws have been changed around country,
  including the language of statutes, some laws are
  now gender neutral.
• Shield laws protect women from being questioned
  about their sexual history unless it directly
  bears on the case

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Murder and Homicide

• The unlawful killing of a human being with malice
  aforethought
• Degrees
• First-degree
• Second-degree
• Felony
• Manslaughter
• Voluntary or non-negligent
• Involuntary or negligent

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Nature of Murder

• Much more common in urban areas
• Victims and offenders tend to be males
• Most commonly an intra-racial crime
• African-Americans are disproportionately victims
  and offenders
• Most perpetrators are under age 35
• Offenders typically have a long involvement in
  crime

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Assault and Battery

• Assault does not require actual touching but
  involves either attempted battery or
  intentionally frightening the victim by word or
  deed
• Battery offensive touching, such as slapping,
  hitting, or punching a victim
• Patterns of assault are very similar to homicide
  and rape

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Causes of Child Abuse

• Generational violence
• Negative childhood experiences
• Blended families
• Isolation from friends and family
• Depression or psychological distress

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Factors that Predict Spousal Abuse

• Alcohol
• Weapon
• Stepchild
• Estrangement
• Hostility toward dependency
• Excessive brooding

• Social learning
• Socioeconomic factors
• Anger
• Military service
• Abuse as a child
• Unpredictability

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Robbery

• Taking or attempting to take anything of value
  from the care, custody, or control of a person or
  persons by force or threat of force or violence
  and/or by putting the victim in fear

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Hate Crimes

• Violent acts directed toward a particular person
  or members of a group merely because the targets
  share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or
  gender characteristic

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Types of Hate Crimes

• Thrill-seeking
• Reactive (defensive)
• Mission
• Retaliatory

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Factors that Predict Hate Crimes

• Poor or uncertain economic conditions
• Racial stereotypes in films/television
• Hate-filled discourse on talk shows/political
  advertisements
• The use of racial code language (e.g., welfare
  mothers, inner-city thugs)
• Personal experiences with members of particular
  minority groups
• Scapegoating blaming a minority group for the
  misfortune of society as a whole

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Workplace Violence

• Violence such as assault, rape, or murder
  committed at the workplace
• Third leading cause of occupational injury or
  death

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Stalking

• A course of conduct directed at a specific person
  that involves repeated physical or visual
  proximity, nonconsensual communication, or
  verbal, written, or implied threats sufficient to
  cause fear in a reasonable person

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Terrorism

• Premeditated, politically motivated violence
  perpetrated against noncombatant targets by
  subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually
  intended to influence an audience

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Contemporary Forms of Terrorism

• Revolutionary
• Political
• Nationalist
• Cause-based
• Environmental
• State-sponsored
• Criminal