Adult Stem Cells as Regenerative Medicine

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Adult Stem Cells as Regenerative Medicine
Kanika Varma1, Parul Rewari1, Jayanti Tokas1,
Rubina Begum1, Shalini Jain2 and Hariom
Yadav2 1Department of Biotechnology, JMIT,
Radaur, Haryana, India 2NIDDK, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,
USA Email yadavhariom_at_gmail.com
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Adult Stem Cell

• Undifferentiated Cells
• Found throughout the body after embryonic
  development
• Multiply by cell division to replenish dying
  cells
• Regenerate Damaged Tissues.

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Types of Adult Stem Cells

• Hematopoietic
• Mammary
• Mesenchymal
• Neural

• Endothelial
• Olfactory
• Neural crest
• Testicular

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Properties

• Defining properties- self-renewal potency
• Lineage
• Signaling pathways
• Multidrug resistance
• Plasticity / Transdifferentiation

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Location of Adult Stem Cell

• Identified in many organs and tissues -
• Brain, Bone marrow , Peripheral blood, Blood
  vessels, Skeletal muscle, Skin, Teeth, Heart,
  Gut, Liver, Ovarian epithelium and Testis
• Thought to reside in a specific area of each
  tissue - a stem cell niche

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Plasticity

• Basis for generating tissue for transplantation
• Differentiate into cell types in organs / tissues
  other than those expected from the cells
  predicted lineage

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Stem Cells in the Bone Marrow and Blood

• Three types of stem cell originate in bone
  marrow
• Hematopoietic Stem Cell
• Stromal Cells
• Endothelial Progenitor Cells

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In Other Tissues

• Endothelial Progenitor Cells
• Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells
• Epithelial Cell Precursors in the Skin and
  Digestive System
• Stem Cells in the Pancreas and Liver

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Hematopoietic and Stromal Adult Stem Cell
Differentiation
stemcells.nih.gov/.../images/figure2_lg.jpg
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Adult Stem Cell Therapies

• The therapies require a stem cell source of the
  specific lineage and harvesting or culturing them
  up to the numbers required is a challenge.

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Regenerative Medicine

• Process of creating living, functional tissues to
  repair or replace tissue or organ function lost
  due to age, disease, damage, or congenital
  defects
• It helps to produce extended healthy longevity,

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Potential of Adult Stem Cells
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Treating Leukemia

• Leukemia results when white blood cells made in
  bone marrow begin to grow and function abnormally
• One way to do this is through chemotherapy
• When chemotherapy cannot solve the problem,
  doctors turn to bone marrow transplants.

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Another Stem Cell Victory - Parkinson's Disease

• A degenerative disorder of the central nervous
  system
• Sufferers lack a sufficient amount of a brain
  chemical called dopamine
• The cure of this disease is to multiply cells
  that release dopamine

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Insulin Independence

• There is insulin independence for Type 1 diabetes
  patients
• A study showed patients receiving injections with
  adult stem cells were able to go as long as four
  years without having to rely on insulin shots.

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Heeling of Heart by Adult Stem Cells

• Cardiologists and heart surgeons worldwide
  currently use VesCell adult stem cell therapy to
  treat patients suffering from coronary artery
  disease, cardiomyopathy, and congestive heart
  failure.

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Process of stem cells for spinal cord injury

• Bone Marrow taken from the hip 6 weeks of
  cultivating the adult stem cells to increase
  total to 100 million.
• Adult Stem Cells injected at injury site (C3-C4)
  in a surgical procedure

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Thalesemia

• The genetic defect results in reduced rate of
  synthesis of one of the globin chains that make
  up hemoglobin
• Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is
  the only curative approach

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Curing cancer

• Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells (found
  within tumors or hematological cancers) that
  possess characteristics associated with normal
  stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise
  to all cell types found in a particular cancer
  sample
• Lisa Ray to undergo stem cell transplant for
  blood cancer

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Benefits of Adult Stem Cell Research

• Easy to obtain
• Potentially limitless in supply
• Patients can use their own stem cells for
  treatment and therapy
• Adult stem cells are politically neutral
• Not offensive to any major interest group nor do
  they generate controversy.

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Limitations of adult stem cell

• The isolation of some types of ASC, for example
  the isolation of neural cells from a patient's
  brain, would be impractical
• Where a person suffers from a genetic disorder or
  some types of cancers, ASC isolated from that
  individual will retain the damaging genetic
  alterations underlying the disease and so be of
  little therapeutic value
• Unambiguous identification is difficult
• Maintenance in culture is difficult

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Conclusion

• Adult stem cell research is complicated and
  rapidly changing .Todays medicine generally
  tries to support or treat injured tissues and
  organs, but stem cells may someday simply replace
  them.

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THANK
YOU