Neuroscience and Behavior

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Neuroscience and Behavior

• Chapter 2

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Biological psychology
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• Specialized branch of psychology that studies the
  relationship between behavior and bodily
  processes and systems also called biopsychology

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Neuroscience
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• The study of the nervous system, especially the
  brain

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Neuron
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• Highly specialized cell that communicates
  information in electrical and chemical formula, a
  nerve cell

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Glial Cells
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• Support cells that assist neurons by providing
  structural support, nutrition, and removal of
  cell wastes manufactures myelin.

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Sensory Neuron

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• Type of neuron that conveys information to the
  brain from specialized receptor cells in the
  sense organs and internal organs.

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Motor neuron
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• Type of neuron that signals muscles to relax or
  contract.

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Interneuron
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• Type of neuron that communicates information from
  one neuron to the next.

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Cell body
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• The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus

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Dendrites
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• Multiple short fibers that extend from the
  neurons cell body and receive information from
  the other neurons or from sensory receptor cells

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Axon
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• The long, fluid filled tube that carries a
  neurons messages to other body areas.

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Myelin sheath
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• A white, fatty covering wrapped around the axons
  of some neurons that increase their communication
  speed.

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Action potential
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• A brief electrical impulse by which information
  is transmitted along the axon of a neuron.

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Stimulus Threshold
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• The minimum level of stimulation required to
  activate a particular neuron.

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Resting Potential
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• State in which a neuron is prepared to activate
  and communicate its messages if it receives
  sufficient stimulation

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All-or-Nothing
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• The principle that either a neuron is
  sufficiently stimulated and an action potential
  occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently
  stimulated and an action potential does not occur

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Synapse
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• The point of communication between two neurons

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Synaptic Gap
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• The tiny space between the axon terminal of one
  neuron and the dendrite of an adjoining neuron

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Axon termainals
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• Branches at the end of the axon that contains
  tiny pouches, or sacs, called synaptic vesicles

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Synaptic transmission
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• Tiny pouches or sacs In the axon terminals that
  contain chemicals called neurotransmitter.

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Neurotransmitter
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• Chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron

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Synaptic transmission
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• The process through which neurotransmitters are
  released by one neuron, cross the synaptic gap,
  and affect neurons

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Reuptake
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• The process by which neurotransmitter molecules
  detach from a postsynaptic neurons and are
  reabsorbed by a pre-synaptic neuron so they can
  be recycled and used again.

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Acetycholine
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• Neurotransmitter that causes muscles contraction
  and is involved in memory functions

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Dopamine
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• Neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of
  bodily movement, thought processes, and rewarding
  sensation

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Serotonin
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• Neurotransmitter involved in sleep and emotions

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Norepinephrine
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• Neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory
  also a hormone manufactured by adrenal glands

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GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acids)
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• Neurotransmitter that usually communicates an
  inhibitory message

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Endorphins
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• Neurotransmitter that regulates pain perception

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Nervous System
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• The primary internal communication network of the
  body divided into the central nervous system and
  the peripheral nervous system

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Nerves
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• Bundles of neuron axons that carry information in
  the peripheral nervous system

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Central nervous system
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• Division of the neurons system that consists of
  the Brian and spinal cord.

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Spinal Reflexes
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• Simple, automatic behaviors that are processed in
  the spinal cord.

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Peripheral nervous system
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• Division of the nervous system that includes all
  the nerves lying outside the central nervous
  system

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Somatic Nervous System
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• Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that
  communicates sensory information to the central
  nervous system and carries motor messages from
  the central nervous system to the muscles

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Autonomic Nervous System
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• Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that
  regulates involuntary functions

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Sympathetic Nervous System
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• Branch of the autonomic nervous system that
  produces rapid physical arousal in response to
  perceived emergencies or threats.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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• Branch of the autonomic nervous system that
  maintains normal bodily functions and conserves
  the bodys physical resources.

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Endocrine System
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• System of glands located throughout the body
  secrete hormones into the blood stream.

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Hormones
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• Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream
  by endocrine glands.

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Pituitary Glands
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• Endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain
  that secrets hormones that affect the functional
  of the other glands as well as hormones that act
  directly on physical processes.

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Adrenal land

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• Pair of endocrine glands that are involved in the
  human stress response

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Adrenal Cortex

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• The outer portion of the adrenal glands.

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Adrenal medulla

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• The inner portion of the adrenal gland secrets
  epinephrine and norepinephrine

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Gonads
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• The endocrine glands that secrete hormones that
  regulate sexual characteristics and reproductive
  processes ovaries in females and testes in males

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Phrenology

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• A discredited pseudoscientific theory of the
  brain that claimed that personality
  characteristics. Moral character, and
  intelligence could be determined by examining the
  bumps on a persons skull

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Cortical localization

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• The notion that different functions are located
  or localized in different areas of the brain
  also referred to as localization of function

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Electroencephalograph

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• An instrument that produces a graphic record of
  the brains electrical activity by using
  electrodes placed on the scalp

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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• An imaging technique that provides
  three-dimensional, highly detailed images of the
  brain using electrical signals generated by the
  brain in response to magnetic field

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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• An imaging technique that provides color-coded
  images of brain activity by measuring the amount
  of a radioactive compound, glucose, or oxygen
  used in different brain regions.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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• An imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to
  map brain activity by measuring changes in the
  brains blood supply during different mental
  activities.

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Cognitive Neuroscience

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• The study of the neural basis of cognitive
  process that integrates contribution from
  psychology, neuroscience, and computer science.

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Neurogenesis

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• The development of new neurons

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Brainstem

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• A region of the brain made up of the hindbrain
  and the midbrain

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Hindbrain

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• A region at the base of the brain that contains
  several structures that regulate basic life
  functions

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Medulla

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• a hindbrain structure that controls vital life
  functions such as breathing and circulation

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Pons

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• A hindbrain structure that connects the medulla
  the the two sides of the cerebellum helps
  coordinate and integrate movements on each side
  of the body

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Cerebellum

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• A large, two-sided hindbrain at the back of the
  brain responsible for muscle coordination and
  maintaining posture and equilibrium

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Reticular formation

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• A network of nerve fibers located in the center
  of the medulla that helps regulate attention,
  arousal, and sleep also called activating system

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Midbrain

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• The middle and smallest brain region, involved in
  processing auditory and visual sensory information

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Substantia nigra

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• An area in of the midbrain that is involved in
  motor control and contains a large concentration
  of dopamine-producing neurons

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Forebrain

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• The largest and most complex brain region, which
  contains the centers for complex behaviors and
  mental processes

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Cerebral Cortex

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• The wrinkled outer portion of the forebrain,
  which contains the most sophisticated brain
  centers

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Cerebral hemispheres

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• The nearly symmetrical left and right halves of
  the cerebral cortex

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Corpus callosum

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• A thick band of nerve fibers that connect the two
  cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication
  link between them

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Temporal Lobe

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• An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
  near the temples that is the primary receiving
  are for auditory information

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Occipital Lobe

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• An area at the back of each cerebral hemisphere
  that is the primary receiving area for visual
  information

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Parietal Lobe

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• An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
  located above the temporal lobe that processes
  somatic sensation.

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Frontal Lobe

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• The largest lobe of each cerebral hemisphere
  processes voluntary muscle movements and is
  involved in thinking, planning, and emotional
  control.

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Limbic system

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• A group of forebrain structures that form a
  border around the brainstem and are involved in
  emotion, motivation, learning, and memory

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Hippocampus

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• A curved forebrain structure that is part of the
  limbic system and is involved in learning and
  forming memories

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Thalamus

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• A forebrain structure that processes sensory
  information for all sense, except smell, and
  relays it to the cerebral cortex

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Hypothalamus

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• A peanut-sized forebrain structure that is part
  of the limbic system and regulates behaviors
  related to survival, such as eating, drinking,
  and sexual activities

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Amygdala

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• An almond-shaped forebrain structure that is part
  of the limbic system and is involved in emotional
  and memory

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Cortical localization

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• The notion that different functions are located
  or localized in different areas of the brain

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Lateralization of function

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• The notion that specific psychological or
  cognitive functions are processed primarily on
  one side of the brain.

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Aphasia

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• The partial or complete inability to articulate
  ideas or understand spoken or written language
  because or brain injury or damage

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Split-brain operation

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• A surgical procedure that involves cutting the
  corpus callosum

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Structural plasticity

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• A phenomenon in which brain structures
  physically change in response to environmental
  influences

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Pierre Paul Broca (1824-1880)

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• French surgeon and neuron anatomist who in 1861
  discovered an area on the lower left frontal lobe
  of the cerebral cortex that, when damaged,
  produces speech disturbances but no loss of
  comprehension

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Roger Sperry ( 1913-1994)

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• American psychologist who received the Nobel
  Prize on 1981 for pioneering research on brain
  specialization in split-brain patients.

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Karl Wernicke (1848-1905)

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• German neurologist who in 1874 discovered an area
  on the left temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex
  that, when damaged, produces meaningless or
  nonsensical speech and difficulties in verbal or
  written comprehension