Chapter 2

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Chapter 2 Latin America
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Surface of the Earth
- Hydrosphere- 70 of the earths surface is
water. - Lithosphere- 30 of the earths surface
is land. - atmosphere- layer of gases
- Gases Nitrogen (78), Oxygen (21), and Other
Gases (1) - biosphere- the part of earth that
supports life.
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Continental DriftHow?
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Constant Motion

• Inner Core- Hot, but solid (why?)
• Outer Core- Hot, but liquid
• Mantle- Liquid Magma and Solid (Rock)
• Convection
• Crust- Continents and Ocean Basins (tectonic
  plates)

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Internal Forces

• Internal plate movement has defined the earths
  surface.
• mountains (subduction)
• trenches (accretion)
• ridges (spreading)
• faults (faulting)

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External Forces-Erosion The wearing away of the
earths surface.

• Wind
• Glaciers
• Water

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Earths Water

• The total amount of water always remains the
  same, but it is in constant motion.
• Water Cycle
• the catalyst gt The SUN
• Liquid to Evaporation to Condensation to Liquid
• 97 of the worlds water is salt water (4 oceans
  Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic)
• Also Salt Water Seas, Gulfs, Bays (partially
  enclosed by land)
• PROBLEM?

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Solution

• Desalination refers to the process of removing
  salt and minerals from salt water.
• Problem?

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Bodies of Fresh water

• 3 of water is fresh 1.5 is in glaciers and ice
  caps
• .5 is underground (aquifers)
• less than 1 is in rivers, lakes, and streams

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Latin America

• Name is derived from Latin languages (Spanish and
  Portuguese- Line of Demarcation)

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• Middle America or Central America (Mexico through
  Panama- 7 countries)

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• The Caribbean- West Indies
• 3 chains Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles and
  Bahamas

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• South American Continent

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Mountains

• Sierra Madres and Andes
• creates cooler climates
• limited cultural diffusion
• cultural diffusion spread of cultural traits
  from one culture to another.
• Rain Shadow

- Creates Atacama Desert
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Atacama Desert
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Amazon River

• second largest river on earth
• 10X as much water as the Mississippi. During
  certain seasons, it gets 7 miles wide.
• important to shipping and trade (but also an
  obstacle)
• creates Amazon Basin with connecting rivers

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Amazon Rainforest- dense cover (canopy)

• 1/3 of South America
• Shelters more species of life than any other
  habitat on earth
• creates problems for economic development, and
  therefore faces deforestation.

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Population

• About 580 Million People (but with high
  population growth)
• Populated rim- population density is highest
  along a continents coastline.

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• Primate Cities an urban area which dominates an
  entire countrys economic and political affairs.
• EXP Mexico City, Havana, Caracas

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Original Civilizations

• Aztecs Central Mexico
• tenochtitlan
• created chinampas- floating islands for planting
  food.
• Incas Peru
• cuzco- capital
• quipu- a series of colored knots as a form of
  accounting
• Maya Mexico and Yucatan Peninsula
• Mathematics based on 20 with 0

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Chinampas
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Mayan Math
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Primarily Catholic- Why?
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• Latifundia is quickly replacing minifundia
• Small family owned farms being replaced by big
  agribusiness.

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Farm Land
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Obstacles to Industrial Growth

• Rain forest and Mountains
• Amazon is a catch 22.
• political instability