Carbohydrates

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• Carbohydrates
• glucose C6H12O6 C.H2O6

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monosaccharide
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disaccharide
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trisaccharide
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starch, cellulose
polysaccharide
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polyhydroxyaldehyde aldopentose
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polyhydroxyketone ketohexose
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• ?-D-arabinose a furanose

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anomers
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mutarotation ? 80.2
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a glycoside
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Disaccharides

• Lactose

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?-1,4-glycosidic linkage undergoes mutarotation
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• an ?-glycosidic linkage

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Oxidations of Sugars
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oxidizing agents Ag(NH3)2, Cu2/OH-

• sugars that react with these oxidizing agents are
  called reducing sugars
• these monoacids are called aldonic acids

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a nonreducing sugar
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Glycolysis
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Glycolysis
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Glycolysis
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Glycolysis
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Glycolysis
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Glycolysis
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Reduction of the carbonyl group

• Alditol formation

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HO-Br
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an aldaric acid
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IO4- oxidation
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Fischer-Kiliani Synthesis
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epimers