Earth

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Review and New Material

• Now that our class has tested its times to move
  on BUT. before we do one last review

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The Worlds Oceans

• 71 of the Earths surface is covered by ocean
  water.
• The oceans contain 97 of the earths water.
• All the oceans and seas are actually one
  continuous body of water.

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Oceans

• The oceans are the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian,
  Arctic .
• The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean.
• The area and volume of the Pacific Ocean are
  greater than the Atlantic and Indian combined.

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Water Cycle

• The suns rays heat the surface of the ocean.
• The heat causes the water to evaporate.
• The evaporating water (clean, fresh water) enters
  the atmosphere as water vapor.
• The salt remains behind.

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Water Cycle

• Winds carry water vapor over land.
• Some of the water vapor condenses to form clouds.
• The water in the clouds falls as precipitation.

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Water Cycle

• Some of this water runs into rivers and streams
  which flow back into the oceans.
• Some of the water seeps into the soil and rocks
  become part of the groundwater.

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Properties of Ocean Water

• Ocean water is a mixture of gases and solids
  dissolved in pure water.
• Oceanographers believe oceans contain all the
  natural elements on Earth.
• 85 of 90 have been found in the ocean.

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Major Elements in the Ocean

• Ocean water is 96 pure water.
• Chlorine (1.9) and sodium (1.1) make up the next
  largest concentration of elements.
• Sodium chloride is table salt.

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Sources of Salt in the Ocean

• When volcanoes erupt, rock materials and gases,
  such as chlorine, spew forth.
• As rivers, streams and glaciers move over rock
  and soil, they dissolve salts, such as magnesium,
  sodium and potassium, in them.
• As waves pound the shoreline, they dissolve salts
  from the rocks.

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Salinity Levels

• The salinity is lower in areas where freshwater
  rivers run into the ocean. Salinity levels are
  also affected by animals such as clams and
  oysters that use calcium salts to build their
  shells. They remove salt from the water.
• In warm ocean areas where there is little
  rainfall and much evaporation, the amount of
  dissolved salts is much greater. In polar
  regions, the salinity levels are high because
  temperatures are cold enough for ocean water to
  freeze. Pure water is removed and salts are left
  behind.

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Gases in Ocean Water

• The most abundant gases in ocean water are
  nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen.
• The amounts of these elements vary with depth.
  They are more abundant at the oceans surface
  where sunlight causes more plant life.

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Temperature of Ocean Water

• Warm water holds less dissolved gas than cold
  water.
• When ocean water is cold, like in polar regions,
  it sinks and carries oxygen rich water to the
  ocean depths.
• As a result, fish and other animals can live in
  deep parts of the ocean.

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Edges of the Continents

• The shoreline is a boundary between where the
  land and the ocean meet.
• The area where the underwater edge meets of a
  continent meets the ocean floor is called a
  continental margin.

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NEW MATERIAL

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Essential Questions

• How does Climate and Ocean temperature affect
  Marine life?
• What do different Ocean animals need to survive?
• How do plants and animals adapt to their
  environments?
• How does exposure to tides affect life forms?

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Ocean Life Zones

• Intertidal Zone (Splash Zone)
• Neritic Zone (Continental Shelf)
• Open Sea Zone
• Bathyal (Continental Slope)
• Abyssal (Ocean floor)

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Ocean Life Zones

• The plant and animal life in the ocean is
  affected by several factors.
• One factor is the amount of sunlight that
  penetrates the ocean.
• Another factor is the temperature of the ocean
  water.
• Water pressure is also a factor.

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Major Groups of Ocean Life

• Plants and animals in the ocean are classified
  into three major groups based on their habits and
  the depth of the water in which they live.
• The three major groups are plankton, nekton and
  benthos.

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Under the Sea

Whats Up?
YO YO YO!!!
Hi There
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Plankton

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Plankton

• Plankton float at or near the surface where
  sunlight can penetrate.
• Most of the plankton are very small, such as
  algae.
• These organisms drift with the currents or tides.
• Plankton are the main food for many larger
  organisms. They account for most of the organisms
  in the ocean.

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Nekton

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Nekton

• Whales , seals , dolphins, squid octopuses,
  barracuda and other fish are all nekton.
• Nekton are free-swimming organisms that feed on
  other nekton as well as on plankton.
• Many have adaptations enabling them to function
  at depths that have great pressure and no light.

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Benthos

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Benthos

• Organisms that live on the ocean floor are
  benthos.
• The forms of these animals include crustaceans
  and shell fish.
• The deep bottom environments are sparsely
  populated with benthos.
• Some benthos are plants that live on the ocean
  floor in shallow waters where sun can penetrate.

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Ocean Life Zones

• The classification of the ocean into life zones
  is based on the conditions in the ocean. These
  conditions vary widely.
• The classification includes the intertidal zone,
  the neritic zone and open-ocean zones.

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Intertidal (Splash) Zone

• This region is the most changeable in the ocean.
• Anemones, crabs, clams, mussels and plants such
  as seaweed live here.
• They must be able to exist without water for
  periods of time.
• They must be able to anchor to keep from being
  washed out to sea.

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Neritic ( Shelf) Zone

• This zone extends to a depth of 200 meters and
  receives plenty of sunlight.
• The water pressure is low and the temperature is
  constant.
• This zone can support plankton, nekton and
  benthos.
• Marine life is most abundant here.

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Picture of Upwelling

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Definition of Upwelling

• Upwelling is the process in which
  cold,nutrient-rich water from deep ocean rises to
  the surface and replaces warm surface water.

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Upwelling cont

• Upwelling is important to organisms because it
  brings nutrients to plants and supports growth.

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Open Ocean Zones

• There are two open-ocean zonesbathyal and
  abyssal