Learning

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Learning
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Classical conditioning

• Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)

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Classical Conditioning

• Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) Meat
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)Salivation
• Neutral Stimulus Tone
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Tone
• When paired with the unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned response (CR) Salivation to tone

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Example
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Example
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Example

• Father spanks son for swearing.
• Son develops a strong fear of his father. Father
  is a(n) _____________?
• Conditioned stimulus

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Classical Conditioning

• Acquisition
• Extinction
• Patient riding elevators to extinguish fear of
  elevators

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Spontaneous recovery
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Generalization
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Operant Conditioning

• B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior)
• Associating behavior with its consequences
• E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to
  receive a fish.

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Reinforcement

• Positive reinforcement
• Give something a person wants
• Increases behavior
• E.g. Mother picking up a crying baby
• (Increases crying because of reinforcement)
• Negative reinforcement
• Remove an unwanted stimulus
• E.g. Sally has a drink after work to relieve
  (remove) her anxiety

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Pos. Neg. Reinforcement
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Primary Secondary reinforcers

• Primary Innately reinforcing
• Food Sex
• Secondary reinforcers (Conditioned reinforcer)
• Associated with a primary reinforcer
• E.g. Money

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Immediate Reinforcement

• Sally is more influenced by the current thrill on
  having sex, than by the future prospect of
  pregnancy or a sexually transmitted disease.
• As opposed to delayed reinforcement
• A Paycheck at the end of the month.

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Reinforcement schedules

• Continuous
• Every time
• Partial (Intermittent)
• Fixed ratio
• 15 for every 3 pages you write
• Fixed Interval
• 15 for every hour you work
• Variable ratio
• 15 after varying of pages
• (You do not know how many pages you will need to
  do before you get paid again)
• Variable interval
• 15 given at various times during the day

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Reinforcement Schedules
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Punishment

• Positive punishment
• Get something you dont want ( a spanking)
• Negative punishment
• What you do want is taken away ( Television
  time)
• Problem with punishment
• Creates anger, fear, resistance
• Less effective than positive reinforcers to
  promote desirable behavior.

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Punishment
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Shaping

• Cookies to reinforce quiet play
• MM therapy

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Motivation

• Internal (intrinsic) Motivation
• Hobby - You like doing it
• External (outside) motivation
• Job - You get money for doing it

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Cognitive process

• Behavior is not automatically produced by a
  reward.
• We think about it, and ask
• How much of the reward do I get?
• What are the chances of getting the reward?
• Is the reward worth it?

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Observational Learning

• Albert Bandura
• E.g. Child turning the key to start the car
• (without explicit training)
• Matt using the ATM machine after watching Dad
• Modeling

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