Early Civilizations

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Harappan Civilization
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Harappan society and its neighbors, ca. 2000
B.C.E.
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Harappan Location

• Northwest India/Pakistan
• Indus River Valley

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Harappan Culture

• Writing on bricks and seals
• we cannot read the writing
• So who knows?

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Mohenjo-daro aerial view
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Mohenjo-daro
view of the Citadel
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The Great Bath
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another view of the Great Bath
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view of a small, side street
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looks like a small tower, but actually it is a
neighborhood well
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A bathroom on a private residence
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A public well in Harappa, or perhaps an ancient
laundromat...
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A large drain or sewer
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Harappan granary
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A priest?
A bull
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Disappearance

• Not sure why
• Changes in Monsoons
• Indo-European invasion
• Changes in river flow

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The Aryan Invasion

• Indo-Europeans
• Light-skinned
• Spoke Sanskrit
• Brought
• Hinduism
• Caste System

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Sanskrit

• Descended from the Indo-European mother language
• Closely related to Greek and Latin

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The Vedas

• Means knowledge
• Aryan oral tradition
• Later written down
• The sacred text for Hinduism

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Hinduism

• The worlds oldest practiced religion

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Goal of Hinduism
Moksha release or liberation Escape from the
cycle of reincarnation to be united with the
Brahman
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Basic Beliefs

• Spirit is trapped in a cycle of rebirth
• People may be reincarnated at a higher or lower
  level of existence depending on their karma
  (actions) from the present life.
• People may be reborn as plants or animals or they
  may be elevated to a higher caste as a human.

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Brahman essence of reality
There is only one God, but endless are his
aspects and endless are his names

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Other personalities of Brahman
VISHNU
SHIVA
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Avatars of Vishnu
Krishna
Rama
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Goddesses
Lakshmi
Saraswati
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Kali
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Sacred Cow of India
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Caste System

• System of social stratification
• Aryans put themselves at the top
• Lighter skin higher caste

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Castes form of social stratification

• define a persons social universe
• Who they can interact with
• Who they can marry
• define a persons standard of conduct
• What can they eat?
• define a persons future
• What jobs can they perform?

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Untouchables

• Some centuries later, the Aryans added the
  category of untouchables
• The untouchables performed dirty or unpleasant
  tasks such as butchering animals or handling dead
  bodies
• Such work made them become so polluted that their
  very touch could defile individuals of higher
  status

Members of the untouchable class dispose of
corpses after the 2004 tsunami
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Buddhism
It has been said that as Judaism is to
Christianity, so is Hinduism is to Buddhism.
Buddhism arose out of Hinduism as a direct result
of the influence of Siddhartha Gautama, the
Buddha or Enlightened One the religious
worldview of the Buddhist is very similar to the
Hindu worldview, but it is important to recognize
that Buddhism is very much distinct from
Hinduism. Buddhism is the worlds fourth largest
religion, comprising around 6 of the worlds
population. The 350,000,000 adherents to the
religion are found mainly in China, Japan, Sri
Lanka, Thailand, Indochina, Korea, and Tibet.
There are around 800,000 Buddhists in the U.S.
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The life of Siddhartha Gautama

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vC9AoZj_FPzU

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Origins Beliefs of Buddhism

• Like Hinduism, Buddha accepted reincarnation, but
  he rejected the multiple gods. He shared the
  concept of enlightenment by a belief in nirvana,
  or a release from selfishness and pain.
• The final goals of both Hinduism and Buddhism are
  similar both involve a perfect state of
  understanding and a break from the chain of
  reincarnation (Nirvana).

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Origins Beliefs of Buddhism

• In his first sermon, Buddha outlined the Four
  Noble Truths of his faith
• First Noble Truth Life is filled with suffering
  sorrow
• Second Noble Truth The Cause of all suffering is
  peoples selfish desire for the temporary
  pleasures of this world
• Third Noble Truth The way to end all suffering
  is to end all desire
• Fourth Noble Truth The way to overcome such
  desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the
  Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way
  between desires denial.

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The Eightfold Path

• What is the Middle Way? It is the Noble
  Eightfold Path Right Views, Right Resolve,
  Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livlihood,
  Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right
  Concentration. This is the Middle Way.
• Buddha, from Samyutta Nikaya

Dharma Wheel, often used to symbolize the
Eightfold Path
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The Eightfold Path

• Wisdom
• Right View know the truth
• Right Intention resist self-centeredness
• Ethical Conduct
• Right Speech refrain from unkind, negative
  speech
• Right Action respect all life
• Right Livelihood work for the good of others
• Mental Discipline
• Right Awareness elevate ones thoughts beyond
  the haze of emotion and mood
• Right Effort free the mind of evil
• 8) Right Meditation practice the discipline of
  meditation

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Yoda and Buddha
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Spread of Indian Trade

• India has always been known for natural
  resources, especially spices, diamonds,
  sapphires, gold, pearls, and beautiful woods.
• Trade was carried out along routes that carried
  as far west as Turkey.
• One of these routes was the Silk Road from China
  to Rome.
• Increased trade led to the rise of banking in
  Europe which would help bring an end to the Dark
  Ages in Europe
• Later - Sea trade encouraged the spice trade to
  Europe (this will be why America is discovered)
• Trade also causes Buddhism to spread to Nepal,
  Tibet, China and Japan.

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Ancient China
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Importance of Rivers
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rivers
agriculture
populations
cities
specialization
hierarchy
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YELLOW RIVER
YANGZI RIVER
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Population Growth

• Settlements began to crop up along the Yellow and
  Yangzi Rivers
• Created a need for recognized authorities who
  could maintain order, resolve disputes, and
  organize public works projects
• Village-level organizations could only act
  locally
• Small dynasties followed that extended their
  control over progressively larger regions

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Characteristics of a Civilization

• Intensive agricultural techniques
• Specialization of labor
• Cities
• A social hierarchy (mandate of heaven)
• Organized religion and education (Confucianism,
  Daoism, and Buddism)
• Development of complex forms of economic exchange
• Development of new technologies
• Advanced development of the arts. (This can
  include writing.)

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Crops

• Initially, millet was the main crop (especially
  in the north)
• Sometime thereafter, the Chinese began
  cultivating rice (especially in the south where
  the Yangzi River is less prone than the Yellow
  River to devastating floods)
• Extensive rice production would require
  developing a complex irrigation system (made
  possible by the centralizing authority of the
  Shang and Zhou Dynasties)

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Distinct Characteristics

• Silk (play how silk is made)
• Bronze weapons and chariots
• Ancestor worship
• Family most important
• Chopsticks
• Writing

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Dynasties

• A ruling family
• Chinese history is divided into dynastic periods

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Shang Dynasty(17st until 11th B.C.)

• Cradle of Chinese civilization
• Based on agriculture
• Developed a writing system
• High level of civilization bronze workmanship
• Ruled by kings
• Cities were centers of glittering court life
• Court rituals honoring ancestors
• Slaves buried alive in royal tombs

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Oracle bone with early ideographic script Shang
Culture
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An example of Shang bronze religious objects
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More bronze ware, with early ideograms
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A bronze temple bell -many will strike two
distinct and separate notes, depending on which
part of the bell is struck
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Social Hierarchy Shang and early Zhou

• Royal family and allied noble families
• Resided in large, palatial compounds and lived on
  the agricultural surplus and taxes delivered by
  their subjects
• Privileged class of hereditary aristocrats
• Rose from the military allies of the rulers
• Possessed extensive land holdings and performed
  military and administrative tasks
• Some access to education for those who lived in
  cities
• Detailed rules of etiquette during Zhou era

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Zhou dynasty 1100-256 B.C.
Zhou invaders were also eventually absorbed into
Chinese society
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Social Hierarchy Ancient Shang and early Zhou

• Small class of free artisans and craftsmen
• Lived in cities
• Those who worked almost extensively for the
  privileged classes lived reasonably comfortably
• Peasants
• Semi-servile class that lived in the countryside
  and did not own land
• Provided agricultural, military, and labor
  services for lords in exchange for plots to
  cultivate, security, and a portion of the harvest
• Slaves
• Most were captured enemy warriors
• Performed hard labor that required a large work
  force such as clearing fields or building city
  walls
• During the Shang Dynasty many were victims of
  human sacrifice during funerals and other
  religious and ritual observances

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Feudalism

• Nobles own land
• King taxes nobles to pay for national projects
• Peasants work, pay the nobles most of their crops
  in return for being allowed to live on the land.

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Sun TzuThe Art of War

• Sun Tzu was a Chinese military general,
  strategist, and philosopher during the Zhou
  dynasty's. He is traditionally credited as the
  author of The Art of War, an extremely
  influential ancient Chinese book on military
  strategy. Sun Tzu has had a significant impact on
  Chinese and Asian history and culture, both as
  the author of The Art of War and as a legendary
  historical figure.

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The Period of the Warring States, ca. 500 B.C.
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Zhou Dynasty10th until 2nd century B.C.

• Capital at Hao (near Xian) in Wei Valley
• Ruled much of China north of Yangtze river
• Extended Shang culture
• Early rule Feudal
• Decentralized control based on family ties
• Later City States
• Central control over local governments
• Impersonal political and economic institutions
• Culture philosophy, poetry and prose

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Qin (221 until 207 B.C.)

• Achievements
• Standardized language Writing
• Standardized currency
• Standardized measurements
• Public Works
• Great Wall (started, Many different versions)
• Roads Irrigation canals
• Leader Shi Huangdi

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Early Chinese Money
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What was the purpose of this wall?
Did it work?
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China under the Qin dynasty, 221-207 B.C.E.
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What is left of the Qin Great Wall
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Great Wall DBQ
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Three Chinese Philosophies

• Daoism
• Legalism
• Confucianism

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Daoism (Taoism)

• Probably rose during the Zhou dynasty
• Focus on nature
• Non-action or effortless doing
• Kindness, Simplicity, and Modesty

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The Universe of Opposites Find the Balance!
Yin

• Feminine
• Passive
• Darkness
• Cold
• Weak
• Earth Moon

• Masculine
• Active
• Light
• Warmth
• Strong
• Heaven Sun

Yang
https//www.youtube.com/watch?vezmR9Attpyc
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Legalism

• The leader determines whats right and wrong
• No need for morality

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Confucianism

• Popularized during the Han dynasty
• Desired the good old days
• Respect for ancestors, family, morality
• Confucius sayings
• What one does not wish for oneself, one ought not
  do to anyone else
• proper training, education, and aptitude make a
  gentleman
• not simply birth into a certain family

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The Han Dynasty
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Han society

• Confucianism used to promote scholar-bureaucrats
• Golden age for Chinese society
• Trade with Western cultures Silk road

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Mandate of Heaven

• God puts the emperor in charge
• But later, emperor may lose Gods favor

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Silk Road
What is silk and how is it made?
https//www.youtube.com/watch?vq-Y-z6HmRgI