2- Eukaryotic microorganisms :

1
2- Eukaryotic microorganisms Fungi ????????
2
?????? ?????? ????????
3

1. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? Eukaryotic
   microorganisms
2. ??? ????? ???????(????? ???????) ????? ???????
   ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
   ?????? ((Saprophytic - parasitic symbiotic
   fungi
3. ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? Chitin
   ??????? ???? ????????? Cellulose
4. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
   unicellular ??? ??? ??????? Yeast ?????? ????
   ????? ???? ??????? Multicellular
5. ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
   ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? Hypha .
   ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????
   ? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ????
   ????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? 5-7
   ??????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? Septa ???
   ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????
   ???? ???? ???? coenocytes
6. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
   ?????? Mycelium

4

• ?????? ????? ??? ????? (?????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????
  ???????)
• ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? 20 30? ????? ?????
  ?? ??????? ??????? pH 6 -6,5
• ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??
  ????????
• ??????? ?????????? ????????
• ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????
  ?? ????? ????? ??????
• ???? ??? ???????? ???????
• ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
  ??????
• ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
  ??????????
• ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????????
• ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????
• ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????

5
Fungal cell structure
6
??????? ?? ???????? Fungal nutration
7

• ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??
  ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????
  ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????
• ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????
  Saprophytic fungi ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????
  ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????
  Parasitic fungi ???? ???? ????? ??????
  obligate parasitic fungi ??? ??? ??? ?????
  Rust fungi ???? ????? ??????? Facultative
  parasitic fungi ??? ??? ) Fusarium??? ???
  ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???
  ?????? ??????? ?? ??????
• ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????
  ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????
  Symbiotic fungi ???
• ????? ?????? Mycorrhizae
• ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? (???? ????
  ????????????) ????? ??????
• ?????(???? ???? ??????).
• ?????? Lichens ????? ???(???? ??????? ?? ??????
  ??????? ??????) ????? (???? ?????? ????????????
  ?????? ????? )

8
????? ?????? Mycorrhizae

• ???? ???? ?????
• ????? ?????? ????????Ecto Mycorrhizae ????? ??
  ????
• ??? ???? ????????
• ????? ?????? ???????? Endo Mycorrhizae?????
  ??????
• ????? ????????
• ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????
  ???? ??????? ?? ???????
• ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????
  ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????

9
(No Transcript)
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Reproduction in fungi

• ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????
• ???????? ??????? fungi imperfect ??? ?????
  ????? ??????
• ??? ???????? ??????
• ?- ????? ???????? ???????? Plasmogamy
• ?????? ?????? Haploids (,-) ??? ????
  ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
• ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? Dikaryon
• ????? ???????? ?????? Karyogamy
• ?????? ???????
• ????? ????? ??????? Zygote formation (Diploid
  2n)
• ????? ???????? ????????? Meiosis
• ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? haploid
  spores four
• ???? Homothallic or heterothallic

Sexual reproduction
11
Asexual reproduction

• Fragmentation
• Binary fission
• Budding
• ??????? ??????? Sclerotia ??? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? Ascomycetes
  ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????
  ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????
• ???????? ?????????? Chlamydospores
• ?????? ?????
• ??? ???? ??????
• ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??
  ????

12
Asexual spores
13
Classification of fungi

• ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???
• ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? Septate or
  Aseptate hyphae
• ??? ??Sexual spores

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2- Ascomycetes
1- Phycomycetes Oomycetes Zygomycetes
Eumycota
3- Basidiomycetes
4- Deuteromycetes
15
1- Phycomycetes
???????

• ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? Aseptated hyphae
• ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????
  Saprophytic?????? ???? parasitic??? ????? ???
  ????????
• ?????? ????? ?????? Oospores (Oomycetes) or
  ?Zygospores (Zygomycetes
• ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????
  ?????? ???? ??????? Sporangium
• ???????? ??????? Oomycetes
• ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
• ????? ??? ??? ????? Antheridium ???? ?????
  Oogonium ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????
  ????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????? ??? ???????
  Oospore ???? ???? ???? ??????
• ?? ????? ??? ????????
  
  ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ????? Plasmopara viticola
  ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? Albugo
  candida

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Albugo candida

• ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????
  ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????
  ??????? ?????? ??????
• ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????
  ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????
  Conidiophores
• ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????
• ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????
• ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????
  ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???
  ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????
• ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????
  ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????

17
(No Transcript)
18

• ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??
  ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????
• ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????
  ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????
• ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
  ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? Oogonium
• ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????
  ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? Antheridium
• ?????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???
  ??????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????
• ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????
  ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????
  ??????? ??????
• ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????
  Oospore
• ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???
  2n? ???? ????? ??? ????

19
(No Transcript)
20
Zygomycetes

• ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????
• ?????? ????? ?????? Zygospores ??? ????? ??????
  Sporangiospores
• ?? ??????? Mucor and Rhizopus
• ??? ??? ????? Rhizopus nigricans
• ??????
• ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????
  ???????? ????????
• ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???
• ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? Stolons
  (White)
• ???? ??? ????? ?????? (??????- ????
  ?????) Rhizoid ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????
  ?????? ???????? ???????? (???? ????????? ???????
  ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????)

21

• ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
  ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???
  Sporangiophores ???? ???? ??????? ?????????
  Sporangium ???? ????? ??? Sporangiospores

22

• ??? ??????? ?????? ???????
• ????? ????? ?????? ?? Sporangiophore?????
  ?????? ??sporangium (????? ??????? ???????????
  ???????? ??????? ???????? )
• ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????
• ???? ???????? ??? ??????
• ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????
  ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????
  Columella (??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????
  ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????????)
• ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????
  ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ????????

23

• ??????? ?????? Sexual reproduction
• ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??
  ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????
  ?? ???? Progametangia
• ????? ???Progametangia ??????
  ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??
  ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? Gametangium
  and Suspensor
• ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? Gametangia??????
  ????????? ????? Zygot???? ???? ????? ??? ?????
  ????? ???Zygospore
• ????? ???????? ????? ???Zygospore
• ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????

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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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2- Ascomcetes

• ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????
• ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? Ascospores
  ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???Asci
  (Ascus) ????? ????? ???? ??? 4- 8 ?????? ?????
  ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???
  ?????Antheridium ??????? Ascogonium
• ?????? ?? ??????
• ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????
  ????????? ??? ??????
• ??? ???????? 1- ??????? Yeasts
• ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??
  ???? ????Pseudomycellium
• ?????? ??????? ????????
  ????????? ???????
• ????? ??????? Sporogenous ???
  Saccharomyces
• ????? ??? ??????? Asporogenous
  ??? Candida

27

• ???????? ???????
• ??? ???? ???Ascomycetes fungi ???? ????? ??????
  ??? ???? ????
• ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? Ascocorps
  ???? ????? ???? ???? Stroma
• ???? ???? ?????? ???Ascospores

28
??????? ???? ???????? ??????
29
???? ??? ??????? Saccharomyces sp.
?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????
?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????
????????????? ????? ???????? ????? 4-8 ????? ?
???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????
Ascospore

• ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????
  ???????
• ???? ??? ???????? B
• ????? ??????
• ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
  ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?

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Penicillium???

1. ???? ???????? ???????
2. ?????
3. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????
   ???????? ??? ?????? Sterigmata? ??? ????????
   ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????
4. ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
   Branched conidiophores
5. ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????
   ??????? Ascospores ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???
   ????? (???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???
   ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??????) ???? ???? ???
   ???????
6. Has industrial and pharmaceutical important
   (????? ???????? ???????)

Basipetal succession conidiospores
Sterigmata
31
Asperigillus

• ???? ???????? ???????
• ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
• ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????
  ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????
  ?????
• Unbranched conidiophore
• ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????
  ??????? Ascospores ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???
  ????
• ?? ????? ?? ??????? (????? ??? ??glycolic acid,
  citric acid and dyes industries

Basipetal succession conidiospores
Sterigmata
32
3- Basidiomycetes

• ???? ???????? ??????? ??????
• ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????
  ???? ????? ???????
• ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????
• ???? ???????? ??????? Basidiospores ??? ????????
  ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????
  (Basidium)???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????
• ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????
  ?????????
• ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????
  ??????? Haploid (n)
• ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ???????? ??????? (????? ????? ????? ??
• ???? ??????)
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????
  ??????? Diploid (2n) (????? ?????
• ????? ?? ???? ??????)

33
(No Transcript)
34
??????? ???? ???????? ?????????
35
??? ??? ?????? Agaricus spp

• ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????
  Mycorrhizae
• ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????
• ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
• ??????
• ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????
  ????? ?????
• ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????
  ??????
• ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????
  ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????
• ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? Stalk ????
  ????? ???? annulus ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????
  ???? ????? ???????? Pilus
• ????? ??????? ????????? Gills ??? ?????
  ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? Basidium and
  basidiospores

36
(No Transcript)
37
4- Deuteromycetes

1. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????
2. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????
3. ?????? ?? ??????
4. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????
5. ????? Fusarium spp, Penicillium, Aspergullus,
   Alternaria, Botrytes

• Fusarium
• ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????
  ???? ???? ???
• microconidia macroconidia
• ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????