Eukaryote Microorganisms:

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Eukaryote Microorganisms

• Fungi, Algae, Protozoa and Helminths
• Chapter 12 Lecture 11

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Fungi

• Serious fungal infections are on the increase
• Especially in the _________________________
• Fungi also have many beneficial roles to play
• Nearly ___plants have symbiotic _____________
• Fungi produce food and drugs(penicillin)
• The study of Fungi is called ______________
• Fungi are aerobic or facultatively anerobic
  __________________________________
• Most are decomposers(_____________ sp.), a few
  are parasites(only _____ or so species)

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Characteristics of Fungi

• Unicellular fungi like yeast are differentiated
  like bacteria by biochemical tests
• The multicellular fungus body, or
  __________,consists of filaments called ________
  a mass of _____________ is called a
  _____________________

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Fungal growth
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Characteristics of Fungi

• Yeasts are unicellular fungi-some pathogenic
  forms are ____________________ yeast-like at
  37ºC and mold-like at 25ºC
• __________ spores are produced by budding
• Fungi are classified by the type of
  ________________produced spore they form
• Fungi can tolerate __________, _________,
  ______________ environments and they can
  metabolize complex carbohydrates

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Medically important fungal groups

• Zygomycota _____________________ and zygospores
• Ascomycota _____________ and ascospores
• Basidiomycota __________ and basidiospores
• Teleomorphic Fungi (those above have both sexual
  and asexual spores)and the
• Anamorphic Fungi (only asexual spores
  (Penicillium) historically called
  Deutoeromycota-now being assigned to other groups
  on the basis of genetic anaysis

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A ground fungus probably an Ascomycete
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Fungal diseases

• All are called _________________
• S____________ mycoses deep within the body
  affecting many tissues and organs
• S____________ mycoses beneath the skin
• S_____________ mycoses superficial skin and hair
• Opportunistic mycoses

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Opportunistic Mycoses

• ___________ caused by Zygomycetes
• ____________ lung disease caused by Aspergillum
  (black bread mold)
• ____________ vaginitis or thrush-caused by
  Candida, a yeast
• Pneumocystis _______________________
• Opportunistic mycoses can infect nay tissue or
  organ, usually systemic

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Economically Important Fungi

• __________________ bread and wine yeast
• Also a food supplement for domestic animals
• Trichoderma digests cellulose-used to clarify
  fruit juice
• ___________ produces Taxol-saved Yew trees
• Many fungi are used in biological control of pests

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Negative Effects

• Plant diseases
• The Irish ______________ Famine
• Chestnut __________________
• Dutch Elm Disease
• Spoilage of foods
• Fruits, vegetables,grains
• Jams, jellies

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Lichens Fungus Algae
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Lichens
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More Lichens
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The Last Lichens
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Algae

• Algae are unicellular,filamentous or
  _________________ - ___________
• All are _____________ ____________ which release
  oxygen
• Thallus consists of ________ (stem),
  ___________ (like roots only anchor), and
  _________ (like leaves only simpler)

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Algae Groups
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Algae groups

• Brown algae algin
• Red algae grow deep ________________
• Green algae have chlorophyll a and b and store
  starch (very ____________like)
• Diatoms silica in cell walls like Petri dishes!
• Dinoflagellates some produce neurotoxins causing
  ___________ Tides and paralytic shellfish
  poisoning

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Dinoflagellates
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Roles of Algae in Nature

• _______________________ producers
• Planktonic algae release ____ __ _____
  _________________ atmospheric oxygen
• ____________________is largely from fossilized
  algae
• Some algae are symbionts of animals!

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Protozoa

• Unicellular, eukaryotic __________________________
  ____
• Found in soil and water and with the bodies of
  other organisms
• ____________ species have been defined and
  relatively few cause disease

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Characteristics of Protozoa

• Vegetative (non-reproducing) form is called a
  ________________________
• Asexual and sexual reproduction
• Sexual 2 haploid nuclei fuse to form a zygote
• Can form ________________ to survive difficult
  environmental conditions
• Complex cells with organelles ____________________
  the organs of higher forms anal pore, a
  cytostome (mouth)

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Medically Important Protozoa

• Trichomonas and Giardia (primitive without
  mitochondria)
• Microsporans cause a type of diarrhea in AIDS
  patients
• Rhizopods Entamoeba and Acanthamoeba
• Plasmodium (malaria) and Crytosporidian
• Ciliophora Balantidium coli-dysentery
• Trypanosoma Sleeping sickness, Chagas disease

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Typansomes in blood
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Distribution of Malaria
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Life cycle of Malaria
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Guest Lecturer

• Tealia Davis , M.Sc. Molecular Parasitology and
  Vector Biology

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Helminths (Worms!)

• Worms are animals!
• Parasitic forms are in many obscure groups, main
  groups are
• Flatworms
• Roundworms
• Control is accomplished by __________________
  ____________ of an intermediate host, or by
  avoiding contact with environment where contact
  is made

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Modifications to a parasitic way of life

• Reduced or absent ___________system
• Reduced ___________________ system
• Locomotion is replaced by organs of
  _______________________________
• ____________________ system is complex and
  enlarged, typically produce a huge number of
  __________________

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Helminths

• Have complex life cycles with many larval stages
  which pass through one to several hosts
• The Definitive Host is the one where the
  ____________ form of the parasite is found
• Some parasites have separate sexes (dioecious) or
  are _____________________
• (monoecious)

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Important Flatworm Parasites of Humans

• Flukes
• Schistosoma Blood fluke
• adults in bile ducts and blood vessels, lining of
  urinary bladder-eggs cause
• Clinorchis Liver fluke
• These have snails as intermediate hosts-snails
  not native to US

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Fluke anatomy
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Multiple host life cycles
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Important Flatworm Parasites of Humans

• Tapeworms
• Head-__________, and segments (_________)
• Attach to wall of intestine and shed eggs or
  proglottids full of eggs into the waste
• Beef and Pork tapeworm-humans definitive host
• Hydatid disease humans intermediate host

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Tapeworms
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Hydatid disease
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Important Nematode Parasites of Humans

• _________ infectors
• Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• _________ infectors
• Necator (hookworm)
• Trichinella (trichinosis)

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Human Pinworm
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Hookworm
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Arthropod Vectors

• Flies, fleas, ticks, mosquitoes
• Transmit many diseases
• Their _____________________________ the disease

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Arthropod Vectors