Diversity of Life- Eukaryotic Microbes

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Diversity of Life- Eukaryotic Microbes
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Diversity of Life
Kingdom
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Kingdom Fungi

• Uni- or multi-cellular
• Marine are mostly microscopic
• Like bacteria, are important decomposers
• Cell walls made of chitin

http//www.uni-bonn.de/www/Pharmazeutische_Biologi
e/Forschung/Koenig/Marine_Microorganisms/bilder/Bi
ld1.jpg
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Kingdom Protista

• Three groups
• Animal-like, microscopic, unicellular
• (protozoans)
• Plant-like, microscopic, unicellular
• (microalgae, phytoplankton)
• Plant-like, macro, mostly multicellular
• (macroalgae, seaweeds)

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Protozoans

• Animal-like protists
• Heterotrophs must eat
• Single cell (unicellular)
• 50,000 species, difficult to classify
• Some parasitic

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Foraminifera

• Ameboid organism inside calcareous (CaCO3) shell
• Pseudopodia extend through pores in shell
• Planktonic or benthic

http//www.bio.umass.edu/oeb/files/foraminifera.jp
g
http//discovermagazine.com/2009/mar/05-what-is-th
is-a-windshields-worst-nightmare/foraminifera.jpg
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Foraminifera

• Shells become large part of sediment and beach
  sand

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File2085f_Japon_Hato
ma.jpg
http//farm3.staticflickr.com/2191/2385069810_c99c
8fa0f0_o.jpg
http//www.foraminifera.eu/
http//virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/randerson/Marine
20Invertebrates/Foraminifera.jpg
http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgapr00/dwsli
de5.jpg
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Foraminifera

• Shells become large part of sediment and beach
  sand

http//www.bios.edu/media_publications/currents/20
12/images/pink_sands_lg.jpg
http//i1.trekearth.com/photos/30568/bermudabeach1
.jpg
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Foraminifera

• Collecting deep sea sediment for forams

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Foraminifera

• Important indicators of past climate
• Cold vs. warm species present
• Chemical composition of shells

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Radiolarians

• Also ameboid, with pseudopodia
• But have silica (SiO2) shell (like glass)
• Mostly planktonic
• Shells also become part of the sediment

http//micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/radiolar
ians/radiohead.jpg
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Ciliates

• Hair-like cilia for locomotion and feeding
• Tintinnids form vase-like shell
• Important part of the microbial loop

http//server1.fandm.edu/Departments/Biology/Peopl
e/Shimeta/research/tin2.JPG
http//www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/roberts-uk-eu
plotes-wl.JPG
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Primary Productivity

• Autotrophs are primary producers
• The synthesis of organic matter from carbon
  dioxide (CO2)

CO2 H2O light ? C6H12O6 O2 (sugar)
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Primary Productivity

• Measured as grams of carbon bound into organic
  matter per square meter of ocean surface per year
• g C / m2 / yr
• Entire oceans
• 2.5x1016 gC/yr
• (25 billion tons!)

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Primary Productivity

• Multicellular benthic are more productive per
  unit area
• Pelagic phytoplankton (photosynthesizing
  microorganisms in water) are most important
  (gt98) in total production

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Primary Productivity

• Geographic variation
• Seasonal variation
• Photosynthesis requires light and nutrients

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Primary Productivity
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Primary Productivity
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Upwelling
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Upwelling

• Deep nutrient-rich waters return to surface

• Phytoplankton (microalgae) blooms
• More food for animals

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Primary Producers

• Prokaryotes (photosynthetic chemosynthetic)
• Domain Bacteria
• Domain Archaea
• Eukaryotes (photosynthetic)
• Kingdom Protista
• Unicellular algae (diatoms, dinoflagellates,
  coccolithophorids)
• Multicellular algae (green, brown, red)
• Kingdom Plantae
• Seagrasses
• Salt marsh plants
• Mangroves

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Diatoms

• Variety of shapes
• Can form chains
• Mostly planktonic
• Cooler waters (temperate, polar)

http//www.daviddarling.info/images/diatoms.jpg
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Diatoms

• Silica (SiO2) glass cell walls, spines
• Oil droplets, air vacuoles for buoyancy
• Chlorophyll a c, carotenoid pigments

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Diatoms

• Asexual reproduction in phytoplankton and
  protozans
• Single cells divide rapidly in good conditions,
  form blooms
• Offspring are genetic clones of parent

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Diatoms

• Shells become large part of sediment
• Fossilized diatom shells many uses

http//www.spadiggitydog.com/media/fossilforce1.jp
g
http//ace.imageg.net/graphics/product_images/pACE
BW-1150700dt.jpg
http//www.lesliespool.com/lesliespoolimages/large
/14316.jpgt1
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Dinoflagellates

• Two flagella for movement
• Cellulose cell wall plates
• Chl. a c, carotenoids
• Warmer waters (tropics)

http//www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh
/protozoa/ceratiumdic2.jpg
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Dinoflagellates
Bioluminescence
http//www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/biolum/organism/pictu
res/dinos.jpg
http//www.elyunque.com/adven/biolady.jpg
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Dinoflagellates
Zooxanthellae symbiotic dinoflagellates inside
sponges, jellyfish, anemones, corals, giant
clams
http//www.york.ac.uk/depts/biol/units/symbiosis/i
mages/coralbleach.jpg
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Dinoflagellates

• Red tides harmful phytoplankton blooms
• Red, orange, brown, green
• Increase with nutrient pollution
• Neurotoxins
• Brevetoxin
• Saxitoxin (paralytic shellfish poisoning)
• Ciguatoxin (ciguatera fish poisoning)

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http//content1.eol.org/content/2008/12/10/21/6685
9_large.jpg
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Coccolithophorids

• Coccoliths calcareous (CaCO3)
• Chl. a c, carotenoid pigments
• Emiliania huxleyi most important species
  globally

http//www.noc.soton.ac.uk/soes/staff/tt/eh/pics/c
occo9tn.jpg
http//microscope.mbl.edu/baypaul/microscope/image
s/t_imgAZ/emiliana_bgw.jpg
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Coccolithophorids

• Coccolith bloom as seen from space
• Plates become large part of sediment

• White chalk cliffs of Dover, England

http//microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/9/94/Bloom_su
mmer_off_cornwall.jpg
http//www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/southeas
t/i/white_cliffs_320.jpg