French and Indian War

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French and Indian War
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Objective 1

• Trace the growth of a North American rivalry
  between England and France through the colonial
  wars, including the Seven Years War and
  culminating in the Treaty of Paris (1763).

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Objective 2

• Explain how the series of wars with France helped
  foster greater unity among the British colonies.

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Objective 3

• Explain how the North American political and
  military events were affected by developments on
  the larger European stage.

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Objective 4

• Explain how and why the French and Indian War
  became one of the causes of the American
  Revolution.

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Anglo-French Rivalry

• France established New France from Hudson Bay
  to Gulf of Mexico Appalachian Mountains to Rocky
  Mts.
• Jolliette and Marquette explored Mississippi and
  Missouri Rivers
• Rene Robert de LaSalle made it to Gulf of Mexico
  (canoeing down Miss. R.)
• England saw Catholic New France as a challenge to
  their mission and economic competition

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North America in 1750
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French and English Clash

• King Williams War (1689-97)
• Queen Annes War (1702-1713)
• Peace of Utrecht (1713)
• European war spilled into colonies
• Native Americans mostly sided with French--fur
  trade, better treatment
• Fighting meant higher taxes and inflation in
  colonies
• Led to decades of salutary neglect

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Westward Expansion

• Despite population growth, English colonies
  confined to east of Appalachian Mountains
• Need for more land
• England coveted the Ohio Valley

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The Ohio Valley in 1750s
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Changes for Native Americans

• European contact meant
• European weaponry and acculturation changed
  purpose of hunting (survival to riches)
• Intensified tribal warfare
• Increased frustration with colonists

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French Goals for colonization

• Connect Canada with Gulf of Mexico
• Keep English colonists pinned against coast
• New France still the goal
• French set up military outposts in Ohio River
  Valley to halt English movement westward

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Importance of New Orleans

• Miss R. runs into Gulf of Mexico
• Control of New Orleans is paramount
• Growth of plantation slavery in N.O.

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England needs Money

• Glorious Revolution, war in Europe left England
  economically hurting
• Want colonists to help pay fair share
  (mercantilism)
• Tougher enforcement of Navigation Acts
• Limits on foreign trade
• Molasses Act of 1733

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English colonists move west

• Colonists begin moving westward
• Challenge to French interests
• 1754 Lt. Col. George Washington sent to expel
  French out of Ft. Duquesne
• Loss meant unofficial war with France

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Albany Plan of Union (1754)

• Bring colonies together for defense
• Only 7 of 13 attend
• Tried to influence Natives to side with them
• Bolster unity and defend itself against France
• Albany Plan was unanimously approved by delegates
• Individual colonies and Britain rejected the plan

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1755 Ft. Duquesne, pt. II

• General Edward Braddock (w/Washington) attacks
  and loses again
• Braddock was commander of all English troops
• Braddock dies
• England formally declares war on France in 1756

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Early in the war

• France dominated first 2 years
• Native Americans sided with France
• Braddocks death and Englands losses motivated
  Native Americans
• England attempted to unionize to fight with
  formation of Albany Congress

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William Pitt

• Becomes prime minister in 1757
• 40,000 troops sent to colonies
• Goal Conquer Canada and expel French
• 1758 Capture St. Lawrence River
• Iroquois form alliance with England

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Battle of Quebec (1759)

• English captures Montreal in 1760
• Natives bailing on French
• War effectively over by 1760 in colonies
• Treaty of Paris (1763) ends war

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Treaty of Paris (1763)

• France cedes Canada and all territory east of
  Mississippi River
• France gave Louisiana to Spain to compensate them
  for their alliance during the war.
• Spain gives Florida to England

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North America in 1763
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Proclamation of 1763

• Ottawa Chief Pontiac attacks English outposts in
  Detroit
• Concern over control of colonists if they spread
  out
• Proc. Of 1763 land west of Appalachian Mountains
  reserved for Native Americans
• No settlers west of Appalachian Mountains

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Results of French and Indian War

• Strengthened colonial economy and confidence
• Heavy taxes and human toll
• War trained military and political leaders of
  American Revolution
• No longer needed English protection
• Barriers against unity begin to be removed
• Colonists wanted rights of Englishmen but not the
  duties or responsibilities