The French-Indian War

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The French Indian War (1754 1763)
The Great War for Empire
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Will 1763 be a "turning point" in
British-colonial Relationships???

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North America in 1750
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CAUSES OF WAR

• Continuous rivalry between British and French
  over North American empires
• King Williams War, War of Jenkins Ear,
• King Georges War
• Conflicting claims over Ohio River Valley
• England?
• fur trade/expansion
• France?
• fur trade/link b/w Canada MS Valley

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CAUSES..

• Frances Fort Duquesne
• Threatened colonial safety
• Was a barrier to further British expansion
  westward

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1753 ? Major Washington

• VA Gov. Dinwiddie learns FR troops moved into
  Ohio River Valley building forts
• Major Washington, 21, sent by Gov. to deliver
  message to FR to get out
• FR interpreter with him
• Return trip to VA is brutal
• Winter, horses dying, so hike through snow
• Indian who offered to show them a shortcut and
  then shot at him (poor aim!)
• Pursued by Hurons (FR allies)
• Falls off raft into ice-choked Allegheny River
• Spends freezing night on island, guide suffers
  frostbite but GWash unhurt!

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• Gov. publishes account of Washingtons arduous
  900 mi. journey in both Williamsburg London
• Washington gains international reputation by age
  22.
• - THE LEGEND BEGINS!

Which pic do you think would be most accurate?
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1754 ? The Spark
The Ohio Valley
CONFLICT BEGINS AT FORT DUQUESNE
Will spark global war!
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Ft. Duquesne, 1

• Colonel GW 150 VA militia dispatched by Gov.
  Dinwiddie
• Skirmish w/FR kill 10, including their
  commander
• BIG MISTAKE militarily
• I heard the bullets whistle, and believe me,
  there is something charming in the sound.
  George Washington
• GW retreats to makeshift fort, Ft. Necessitywhat
  happens there?
• Forced to surrender when surrounded by FR (on
  July 4th)
• GW humiliated,,,, resigns, but will later return
• Sparks global war!

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Reconstructed model of the hastily built Fort
Necessity.
Depiction of George Washington at age 22.
A young George Washington surrenders to the
French.
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1754 ? Albany Plan of Union

• Franklin proposes a Plan of Union WHY?
• greater colonial unity
• better defense against FR
• Would have provided for one colonial assembly to
  manage trade, Indian policy defense
• Representatives from only 7 colonies come plan
  rejected by both colonies London because ?
• So, Albany Congress failed BUT... was a first
  attempt at colonial cooperation

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Turn to your shoulder partner and take 5 minutes
to CAPPS this political cartoon (Assignment is in
Edmodo)
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1755 ? Ft. Duquesne 2

• British Gen. Edward Braddock
• George Washington Daniel Boone

• Attack Fort Duquesne and are severely
  defeated why?

• 1500 French and Indian forces over 900 of 1100
  BR, including Braddock, killed
• GW becomes legend!
• 4 bullets pierced coat, 2 horses shot
• from under him, Indian belief
• BR then fail in Canada too many small attacks
  no concentrated effort on Quebec

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(No Transcript)
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1756 ? War Is Formally Declared!
Marquis de Montcalm
Lord Loudoun
Native American tribes exploited both sides! A
global war is in effect The Great War for
Empire
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British-American Colonial Tensions
British
Colonials

• March in formation or bayonet charge.

• Indian-style guerilla tactics.

Methods ofFighting

• Br. officers wanted to take charge of
  colonials.

• Col. militias served under own captains.

MilitaryOrganization

• Drills tough discipline.

• No mil. deference or protocols observed.

MilitaryDiscipline

• Colonists should pay for their own defense.

• Resistance to rising taxes.

Finances

• Prima Donna BR officers with servants tea
  settings.

• Casual, non-professionals.

Demeanor
20,000 colonials serve myth of BR invincibility
shattered.
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1757 ? William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister

• He understood colonial concerns offered them
  a compromise

• For colonial loyalty mil. cooperation-
  British would reimburse colonies for much of
  their troops/supplies.
• TURNING POINT IN WAR!!
• Puts younger BR officers in place
• The enemy of my enemy.. Aids FRs enemies
  elsewhere around world thus forces FR to
  withdraw some troops from AM

RESULTS? ? Colonial morale up by 1758
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Battle at Ft. William HenryLast of the Mohicans

• Lake George, NY
• BR Col. Munro vs. FR Montcalm
• BR, unable to get reinforcements, surrender the
  fort Aug. 1757
• FR Indian allies massacre BR on their exit from
  the fort

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1758-1761 ? The Tide Turns for England
1758 First major BR victory LOUISBURG, the
gateway to New France, St. Lawrence River
By 1761, SP has become an ally of FR
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Battle of Quebec - 1759

• James Wolfe vs. Montcalm
• BR couldnt get Quebec because
• Wolfe comes up with a new plan.

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Battle of Quebec - 1759

• The End
• for France!
• Montcalm
• Wolfe both
• die
• Montreal
• then taken
• in 1760

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1763 ? Treaty of Paris
France --gt lost all Canadian possessions, most of
her empire in India, and claims to lands east of
the Mississippi River only keeps W Indies sugar
islands - Haiti
Spain --gt got all lands west of the Mississippi
River New Orleans from FR but cedes Florida to
England in exchange for Cuba.
England --gt got all French lands in Canada,
exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and
commercial dominance in India owns all lands
east of MS River
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North America in 1763
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North America in 1763
North America in 1750
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Effects of the War on Britain?

1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.

1. It greatly enlarged Englands debt heavy
   taxation of the colonies begins!

1. Britains contempt for the colonials created
   bitter feelings.

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Effects of the War on the American Colonials

• It united them against a common
• enemy for the 1st time!

2. It created bitter feelings towards
the British that would only intensify.
3. Military experience for officers men.
4. Shattered myth of BR invincibility!
5. Encourages colonial expansion.
6. Hostility towards Native Americans.
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The Aftermath Tensions Along the Frontier
1763 ? Pontiacs Rebellion
Fort Detroit

• Ottawa Chief / FR Indian allies attack BR AM
• Destroy 3 BR outposts / kill 2,000 colonists in
  PA, MD, VA
• Biological warfare used by BR in Detroit
• Distribute gifts of smallpox-infected blankets
  to Indians.

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Pontiacs Rebellion (1763)
RESULT? BR realize need to stabilize Indian
relations keep troops stationed along the
frontier. Colonists see Pontiacs defeat as free
ticket to populate the OH Valley.
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BACKLASH!
British ? Proclamation Line of 1763.
Goal of the BR?
Reaction of Colonials?
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General Colonial Reaction to Proclamation of 1763

• Colonists see it as an attack on their liberty,
  an attempt to control them
• Ignore it and continued to move West
• DANIEL BOONE helped lead the way!

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Deeper Unrest The Paxton Boys The Regulators

• The PA frontier area populated by many
  rough-and-tumble Scots-Irish immigrants - weary
  of the colonial assemblys inattention to Indian
  attacks and requests for soldiers, guns, powder
  and lead. Many in the assembly were pacifist
  Quakers.
• A group of Paxton men took matters into their own
  hands in Dec. 1763 - raided a small settle-ment
  of peaceful, co-existing Conestoga Indians in
  Lancaster County, PA. 6 Indians killed in the
  attack 14 taken captive all later murdered.
• PA Gov. issued warrants for arrest, but
  sympathetic frontiersmen refused to assist in
  bringing the Paxton Boys to justice.
• Paxton Boys later marched on Philly in 1764 to
  protest the Quakers lenient Indian policies.
• Franklin himself negotiated resolution
• Similar Regulator Movement in Carolinas.
• Regulators were backcountry farmers.
• Called for more courts on frontier, fairer
  taxation, and greater representation in colonial
  assemblies.

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Collaboration of Susan Pojer and Pamela Montague
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Rethinking Their Empire
BR measures to prevent smuggling

• 1761 ? writs of assistance

• James Otis case
• Protection of a citizens private property must
  be held in higher regard than a parliamentary
  statute.

• He lost ? parliamentary law and custom had
  equalweight.

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George Grenvilles Program, 1763-1765 Enforce
Navigation Laws Increase Tax Burden on Colonists
1. Sugar Act - 1764
2. Currency Act - 1764
3. Quartering Act - 1765
4. Stamp Act - 1765
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Theories of Representation
Q-gt What was the extent of Parliaments
authority over the colonies??
Absolute?
OR Limited?
Q-gt How could the colonies give or
withhold consent for parliamentary
legislation when they did not have
representation in that body?? No Taxation
without Representation! BRITISH RESPONSE
Virtual Representation
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Stamp Act Crisis Direct Tax
Stamp Act Congress 1765 Stamp Act
Resolves
1ST real colonial cooperation
Sons of Liberty began in NYCSamuel

Adams BOYCOTT!
Non-importation agreements
Declaratory Act 1766
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Townshend Duties Crisis 1767-1770
1767 ? William Pitt, P. M. Charles
Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.

• Shift from a direct tax back to an indirect
  tax.

• To be used to pay salaries of royal governors
  and judges.

• Tax these imports ? paper, paint,
  lead, glass, tea.

• Increase custom officials at American ports
  ? established a Board of Customs in Boston.

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Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties
1. John Dickinson ? 1768 Letters from
a Farmer in Pennsylvania.
2. 1768 ? 2nd non-importation
movement Daughters of Liberty
spinning bees
3. Riots against customs agents John
Hancocks ship, the Liberty.
4000 British troops sent to Boston.
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For the first time, many colonists began calling
people who joined the non-importation movement,
"Patriots!"