Chapter 15 Notes

1
Chapter 15 Notes

• Mrs. Marshall

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Second Great Awakening

• Began in 1790s
• Revival meetings, erection of new churches and
  founding of new colleges/universities
• Derived its religious strength from the popular
  preaching of evangelical revivalists in both the
  west and eastern cities

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• Grew out of opposition to Deism
• Strengthened Methodists and Baptist
• Camp meetings
• Promoted religious diversity

4
Peter Cartwright

• A Methodist circuit rider
• Converted thousands of people

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Charles Grandison Finney

• lawyer turned preacher
• Advocated
• opposition to slavery
• perfect Christian kingdom on earth
• opposition to alcohol
• public prayer by women
•  

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Deists

• Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine
• relied on reason rather than revelation
• on science rather than the Bible
• rejected the concept of original sin and denied
  Christs divinity

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• Believed in Supreme Being who had created a
  knowable universe and endowed human beings with a
  capacity for moral behavior

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Unitarianism

• denied the divinity of Jesus and held that God
  existed in only one person.
• William Ellery Channing
• An early 19th century religious rationalist sect
  devoted to the rule of reason and free will.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Millerites(Adventists)

• William Miller
• this burned over district group interpreted the
  Bible to mean Christ would return to earth on
  October 22, 1844.
• Nothing happened-became known as the Great
  disappointment. Movement splintered over
  doctrinal differences

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Mormons

• Joseph Smith
• Book of Mormons
• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
• Block voting polygamy (plural marriages)
• Brigham Young
• 1847 edge of desert near the Great Salt Lake
• Utah became a state in 1896

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Education

• Many did not support public education because it
  educated primarily the poor
• Began supporting because education deemed
  essential for social stability and democracy

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• Horace Mann- promoter of tax supported system of
  public education for all children
• Successful in extending school year, raising
  teacher salaries, changing curriculum
• Noah Webster- dictionary and reading lessons

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• William McGuffey- McGuffeys Readers (1830s)
  primers for grades 1-6
• Higher education
• Small, denominational, liberal arts colleges
• 1st state universities were in South

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Education for Women

• their place was in the home- no need for
  education
• Emma Willard-Troy Female Seminary- 1821
• Oberlin College- 1st university to admit African
  Americans. Admitted women-1837

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Lyceum Movement

• Josiah Holbrook
• Adult education and self-improvement traveling
  lecture programs.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Topics- science, literature, morals

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Dorothea Dix

• New England teacher and author,
• Worked to improve the treatment of the mentally
  ill. Encourages legislatures to build
  institutions to treat mentally ill.

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Temperance Movement

• 1826- the American Society for the Prohibition of
  Temperance.
• Aimed at hard liquor, whiskey, rum, bourbon and
  hard cider.
• Neil Dows Maine law in 1851- 1st state to outlaw
  intoxicating liquor.

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• Consumption stemmed from the hard and monotonous
  life many people lead.
• 18th Amendment- 1919- Prohibition
• 21st Amendment- 1933- repealed the 18th
•  

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Ways in which women were discriminated

• Could not vote
• Could not own property once married
• Could be beaten by her overlord(just as slaves)
• Were inferior to men

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• Elizabeth Cady Stanton- a leading feminist who
  wrote Declaration of Sentiment-1848
• Pushed for womens suffrage
• Lucretia Mott- a Quaker and womens rights
  advocate. Strongly supported the abolition of
  slavery

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• Susan B. Anthony-
• social reformer for temperance-achieved
  world-wide fame as a crusader for womens rights
• Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell- 1st female doctor in the
  US- barred from practicing in most hospitals

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• Sarah and Angelina Grimke- abolitionist movement
• Mary Lyon- pioneer in the field of higher
  education-established the 1st womens college
  Mount Holyoke in Massachusetts.
• Emma Willard- established the first female high
  school in the United States in 1821

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• Lucy Stone- American reformer who was a pioneer
  in the movement for womens rights. Graduated
  from Oberlin College. Toured the country,
  lecturing against slavery and advocating equality
  for women

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• Amelia Bloomer- revolted against the womens
  attire-best known for her support for the outfit
  of the tunic and full pantaloons. Later called
  The Bloomer Costume, later Bloomers

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• Seneca Falls Convention 1848 in New York
• Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Issued a Declaration of Sentiment Demanded
  the right of women to vote
• Launched the modern womens rights movement 

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Utopian Communities

• an experimental community designed to be a
  perfect society, in which its members could live
  together in harmony.
• They were seeking human betterment.

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New Harmony

• Robert Owen- Indiana
• Constitution called for absolute equality and
  freedom of speech and action. Absence of
  authority
• led to its failure.

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Brook Farm

• George Ripley and other transcendentalists- 1841.
• Fire destroyed building, led to financial
  problems and commune failed.
• Nathaniel Hawthorne

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Oneida

• most radical experiment in social and religious
  thinking.
• New York-1848- John Noyes
• Complex Marriage- every man married to every
  woman and vice versa.

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• Successful economically but by 1879 internal
  dissension had arisen and outside hostility
  became so strong Noyes went to Canada.
• The most successful of the utopian communities

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John J. Audubon

• For half a century he was the countrys dominant
  wildlife artist.
• Birds of America- a collection of 435 life-size
  prints
• Audubon Society- Audubons widow tutored one of
  the founders of this society. Purpose of the
  Audubon Society is to conserve and restore
  natural ecosystems focusing on birds and other
  wildlife.

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• Americas artistic achievement was barely
  notable in the 1st half of the 19th century.
• Public buildings followed Greek and Roman
  lines
• Thomas Jefferson- Monticello and the University
  of Virginia
•  

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Hudson River School

• Excelled in the art of painting landscapes
• Dating from the 1820s a group of painters who
  took as their subjects the unique naturalness of
  the American continent, starting with the Hudson
  River in New York but eventually extending all
  the way to California.
•  

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• After the war of 1812 a wave of
• Nationalism contributed to the
• development of American
• literature.

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Washington Irving

• His Knickerbockers' History of New York and
  Sketch Book along with individual short tales
  like Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy
  Hollow described the Dutch experience in New York
  and made him the 1st American writer to achieve
  world fame.

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James Fenimore Cooper

• Created an original American literature with his
  Leatherstocking Tales and The Last of the
  Mohicans. His depiction of the contrasting values
  of the rugged men of the wilderness with modern
  civilization became a reoccurring theme in
  American literature.
• He gained world fame and made New World themes
  respectable.

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• Transcendentalists believed that all knowledge
  came through an inner light.
• Transcendental thought was influenced by
• German philosophers, Oriental religions,
  individualism and the love of nature.

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Transcendentalists Writers

• Ralph Waldo Emerson-emphasized individuality and
  an intuitive spirituality. Balked at the emerging
  industrial society around him.

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• Henry David Thoreau- removed himself from
  society-Walden(1854)- civil disobedience-this
  influenced such people as Mahatma Gandhi and Dr.
  Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Walt Whitman- collection of poem Leaves of Grass
  (1855). His fame increased after his death.
  Gained the informal title Poet Laureate of
  Democracy

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• Nathaniel Hawthorne- The Scarlet Letter (1850)
  and The House of the Seven Gables (1851) Rejected
  the transcendentalist.
•  

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• Transcendental movement was short-lived, dying
  out in the 1850s but it influenced other
  individuals and movements

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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

• Harvard professor
• Evangeline ,The Song of Hiawatha, The
  Courtship of Miles Standish
• Only American to ever be honored with a bust in
  the Poets Corner of Westminster Abbey
•  

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John Greenleaf Whitter

• Quaker
• Influential in social action
• Poems about inhumanity, injustice and intolerance

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James Russell Lowell

• Ranks among Americas best poets
• Distinguished essayists, literacy critic, editor
  and diplomat
•  

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Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

• Taught anatomy at Harvard Medical School
• Prominent poet, essayist, novelist and lecturer
•  

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• Two female writers
• Louisa May Alcott - wrote Little Women (1868)
• Emily Dickinson -her poems were published after
  her death.

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Edgar Allan Poe

• Did not believe in human goodness and social
  progress
• Poet and also excelled in short stories
• The Raven

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• Two other writes who also
• reflected the continuing obsession
• of never ending struggle between
• good and evil
• Nathaniel Hawthorne- Puritanism were dominant
  themes in his works like The Scarlet Letter
• Herman Melville-his work Moby Dick was a tale of
  good and evil

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• Most all distinguished historians of the early
  nineteenth century came from the New England
  states because the Boston area provided
  well-stocked libraries and a stimulating literacy
  tradition.

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Impact on the South

• Northern writers heavily influenced by the
  abolitionist and they were opposed to the
  southern way of life. For many generations of
  history writings had an anti-southern bias.
•