Chapter 1 : Methods and Concepts in Biology

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Chapter 1 Methods and Concepts in Biology
Using a Microscope
How to use microscope
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Vocabulary Words for Chapter 1

• Metabolism
• Homeostasis
• Evolution
• Species
• Genes
• Reading Assignment pg. 6-9, 1040-1041

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What is Biology?

• Biology the study of life
• From the Greek bios life logos study of

I. WHAT DO ALL LIVING CREATURES HAVE IN
COMMON? ?WHAT IS LIFE? 7 FEATURES
OF LIVING CREATURES
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Cells and Genetic Material

• composed of cells or cell fragments
• cells come from existing cells
• contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules
  that have instructions for assembling new
  organisms (blueprints for life)
• DNA? instructions for new life

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2. Reproduction

• Transfer of hereditary information to the next
  generation
• Production of offspring
• Essential b/c no organism lives forever
• Of course, individuals can have problems
  reproducing offspring and still be considered
  living

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A Great Example of the Power of Genetics.
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3. Metabolism

• Energy transfer within cells
• Requires a constant consumption of energy
  (chemical, solar)
• sum of all chemical reactions carried out in
  organisms
• breaking down a complex molecule to produce
  energy

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4. Mutation of Inheritable Traits

• Mutation any random change in the genetic
  material (DNA)
• Organisms adapts to their environment by evolving
  (changing over time)
• Organisms evolve over successive generations to
  survive changing environments

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5. Sense and Respond to Environment

• Homeostasis - maintaining constant internal
  environment in spite of external changes
• Ex. Body temperature, glucose regulation and
  hunger, circadian (sleep) rhythms

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6. Growth and Development

• increase in the size and/or number of cells.
• maturation and differentiation of cells
• Cells develop unique functions brain cell,
  kidney cell, bone cell, liver cell, skin cell

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7. Interdependence

• depending on other organisms and environment as a
  source of energy or materials
• Dependence of food, shelter, energy, oxygen

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GSMC MRI

• To help you guys remember these 7 features
• Good Samaritan Medical Center
• MRI a scan you might get at a hospital

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II. Levels of Organization
Simplest

1. Subatomic particle N, P, E
2. Atom
3. Compound
4. Organelle
5. Cell smallest living unit
6. Tissue
7. Organ
8. Organ System
9. Multicellular Organism
10. Population- group of individuals from same
    species
11. Community groups of different populations
12. Ecosystem
13. Biosphere includes all living things on earth

Most complex
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III Branches of Biology

• Anatomy (internal structure)
• Cytology (cells)
• Histology (tissues)
• Biochemistry (biological reactions)
• Physiology (internal function)
• Genetics (heredity)
• Embryology (development)
• Biotechnology (genetic engineering)
• Parasitology (parasites)
• Taxonomy (classification)
• Ethology (behavior)
• Immunology (immunity)
• Ecology (environment)
• Pathology (disease)
• And so many more!!!!!!

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IV. The Scientific Method (short version)

• A system for collecting and evaluating
  information about the natural world
• In the simplest form, it has what steps?
• Question
• Hypothesis
• Experiment Fair Test
• Data Collection and Evaluation
• Conclusion

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The Scientific Method (short version)

• Descriptive Approach
• How many, how long, how fast, what color.etc
• No hypothesis
• Has a concluding statement
• Experimental Approach
• Question What will happen to organism X if we
  change condition Y?
• A hypothesis is needed
• Needs an experiment and data collection
• Conclusion with more questions to follow
• i.e. CONSUMER REPORTS

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V. Biology as a Science (students have this
handout)

• I. Human History
• A. Early humans or close ancestors (2-300,000
  ybp)
• - Homo sapiens var. Neanderthalensis
• They disappear 35,000
  ybp
• Replaced by Homo sapiens var. sapiens
• They begin (100,000 ybp) and replace
  Neanderthals
• 1. Interbred w/ neanderthals 2. caused
  their extinction
• C. 10,000 to present (Advanced Civilizations)
• Major Change is human behavior
• Agriculture and Domestication (role of women)

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II. Science is a form of curiosity

• Observations lead to experimentation and
  ultimately to understanding
• The first type of experiment Trial and Error
• Little planning for the future b/c of daily
  stresses
• Mans initial interests were geared towards
  taming his environment
• 1. First experiments health, weapons, clothing,
  housing
• 2. Kaopectate, Raspberry Leaves, Aspirin
• C. After survival needs are met, experiments can
  be done in other areas to make life better.
• - math, astronomy, writing, art, music

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VI. The Scientists

• A.Early Scientists
• Names shaman, witch doctors
• - They were both doctors and ministers
• There is no knowledge that is not POWER
• The spirit world and the physical world were
  closely associated
• Magic, herbs, spirits, religion, superstition

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B. Modern Scientists 1640 A.D.

• Galileo 1. All knowledge is in vain without
  the confirmation of experimentation
• 2. NOT white-coated madmen
• 3. 90 of all scientists are alive today
• 4. Use of the scientific method (the
  next topic)

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SHORT HAND SYMBOLS

• ? - change
• - approximate
• w/ - with
• w/o without
• _at_ - at
• b/c because
• mybp million years before present
• bybp billion years before present
• - therefore

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MORE PREFIXES

• lac milk (lactose, lactation)
• hyper above (hyperglycemic, hyperactive)
• iso same (isometric, isotonic)
• hypo below (hypothyroid, hypoallergenic)
• a not, without (asymmetric, atrophy)
• geo land (geography,biogeochemical)
• auto self (automobile, autobiography)
• graph write (telegraph, autograph)
• troph food (trophic level, heterotrophic)

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Microscope Quiz Topics

• Microscope Parts and their function
• Skills Test
• Magnification
• High and Low Power Calculation
• Microscope Maintenance (how to care for it)
• Microscope Calculations
• Find field of view diameter (use formula)
• Determine size of object

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Chapter 1 Test Topics

• Prefixes, suffixes, and roots (from notes and
  homework
• Vocabulary (1-5) Text Pages (6-9)
• All Notes
• Branches of Biology
• Levels of Organization (13)
• History of Humans and Scientists
• Safety Symbols (from binder)
• Scientific Method (short version)
• 7 Features of Living Creatures (GSMC MRI)
• Neanderthal Video
• Worksheets (Analyzing Science Words w/ added
  prefixes, Neanderthal Video questions, Branches
  of Bio)
• NO MICROSCOPE STUFF and NO GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
  STUFF INCLUDED ON THIS TEST

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Monty Python-witch
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• Bonus pts.
• Collect Micro Lab
• Newspaper
• Quiz 9/8 Thursday
• Test 9/12 Monday
• Discussion C.P. option
• Contract due by 9/9

• Important Dates
• CP 1 9/30
• CP 2 10/21
• Bonus 1 9/23
• Bonus 2 10/14
• Summary of 2 articles due 11/4