Ch 9 Cellular Respiration

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Ch 9Cellular Respiration
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What is Cellular Respiration?The Big Picture
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• Catabolic Pathways and Production of _____
• _________________- catabolic process that is a
  partial degradation of sugars that occurs without
  the use of ____________.
• _____________________- catabolic pathway that is
  the most efficient and prevalent. ______________
  is consumed as a reaction with organic fuel. In
  eukaryotic cells, _________________ is the
  location.
• Formula of Cell Respiration

ATP
FERMENTATION
OXYGEN
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
OXYGEN
MITOCHONDRION
C6H12O6 6 O2 ? 6 CO2 6 H2O ENERGY
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• Redox Reactions
• Why do catabolic pathways that decompose glucose
  and other organic fuels yield energy?
• The relocation of electrons released energy
  stored in organic molecules and is used to
  synthesize ATP.
• Na Cl ? Na Cl-
• A redox reaction that relocates electrons (very
  electronegative) closer to oxygen _____________
  chemical energy that can be put to work.
• Example with Cellular Respiration Formula

RELEASES
Pg 162
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• Energy Harvest via NAD and the Electron
  Transport chain
• Cellular respiration breaks down ____________ and
  other fuels in a series of steps that strip
  electrons from glucose (creating sources of
  energy).
• For each electron, a hydrogen atom (proton) is
  present. The hydrogen atoms are not transferred
  directly to oxygen but pass to an enzyme called
  ________ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
• The enzyme __________________ removes a pair of
  hydrogen atoms (2 e- 2 protons) from the
  substrate. The enzyme delivers the two electrons
  along with one proton to its coenzyme, NAD. The
  proton is released as an H into the surrounding
  solution.
• Formula

GLUCOSE
NAD
DEHYDROGENASE
Pg 162
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• NAD is ______________ to NADH. Each NADH
  molecule formed during respiration represents
  stored energy that can be tapped to make ATP when
  the electrons complete their ________ down an
  energy gradient from NADH to oxygen
• Respiration uses an ____________________________
  to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into
  several energy-releasing steps.
• Summary Food?NADH? ETC? Oxygen

REDUCED
FALL
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
9
GLYCOLYSIS

• ______________ (the first metabolic stage of
  respiration)
• Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing
  ___________ to pyruvate.
• Two Phases
• Energy ______________ phase cell spends ATP
• Formula
• Energy ______________ Phase ATP is produced by
  substrate-level ___________________ and NAD
  reduction to NADH by electrons released from
  oxidation of glucose.
• Formula
• Net energy yield from glycolysis per glucose is
  ___ ATP and __ NADH
• Glycolysis releases less than a quarter of the
  chemical energy stored in glucose while the rest
  remains in the two molecules of pyruvate.
• Diagram
• Basic overview awesome glycolysis
• step by step Glycolysis

GLUCOSE
INVESTMENT
2 ATP ? 2 ADP 2 P
PAYOFF
PHOSPHORYLATION
2 NAD 4 e- 4 H ? 2 NADH 2 H
2 2
Pg 166-167 fig 9.9
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• The Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle- occurs when oxygen
  is ______________
• ______________ enters the mitochondrion via
  active transport where the enzymes of the citric
  acid cycle complete the ______________.
• Steps of Citric Acid Cycle (p.169 Figure 9.12)
• 1. Pyruvate is converted to a compound called
  acetyl coenzyme A or _________________.
• During this step, pyruvates carboxyl group which
  is already fully oxidized is removed and given
  off as ______ because it has little energy.
• The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized
  forming acetate. An enzyme transfers the
  extracted electrons to NAD, storing energy as
  _________.
• Coenzyme A is attached to acetate by an unstable
  bond making the acetyl group very reactive. This
  results in ______________ and is ready for its
  acetyl group to be oxidized.

PRESENT
PYRUVATE
OXIDATION
ACETYL CoA
CO2
NADH
ACETYL CoA
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• 2. Acetyl CoA adds its two-carbon acetyl group to
  oxaloacetate producing citrate
• The next seven steps ______________ the citrate
  back to oxaloacetate.
• 3. Citrate is converted to its isomer isocitrate
  by the ______________ of one water molecule and
  the addition of another.
• 4. Citrate loses a CO2 molecule and its result
  is ______________, reducing NAD to NADH
• 5. Another CO2 is lost, and the result is
  oxidized, reducing NAD to NADH. The remaining
  molecule is attached to coenzyme A by an
  ______________ bond.

DECOMPOSE
REMOVAL
OXIDIZED
UNSTABLE
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PHOSPHATE

• 6. CoA is displaced by a ______________ group,
  which is transferred to GDP, forming GTP, and
  then to ADP, forming ATP (__________-level
  phosphorylation)
• 7. Two ______________ are transferred to FAD,
  forming FADH2 and oxidizing succinate.
• 8. Addition of a ______________ molecule
  rearranges bonds in the substrate.
• 9. The substrate is oxidized, reducing NAD to
  NADH and ______________ oxaloacetate.
• Krebs animation 1
• Krebs Cycle

SUBSTRATE
HYDROGENS
WATER
REGENERATING
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• Electron Transport Chain
• The ETC is a collection of molecules embedded in
  the ____________________ of the mitochondrion.
  The folding of the inner membrane of the
  mitochondrion.
• Since the cristae contains many folds, it
  provides space for ______________ of copies of
  the chain in each mitochondrion.
• Sequence of electron carriers (p. 171 Figure
  9.13)
• Electron carriers alternate between
  ______________ and oxidized states as they accept
  and donate electrons.
• Each component of the chain becomes reduced when
  it accepts electrons from its uphill neighbor
  which is less ________________and returns to its
  oxidized form as it passes electrons to its
  ______________, more electronegative neighbor.

INNER MEMBRANE
THOUSANDS
REDUCED
ELECTRONEGATIVE
DOWNHILL
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• Steps of the ETC
• The first molecule is a ______________ because it
  has a prosthetic group called flavin
  mononucleotide (FMN)
• The flavoprotein returns to its oxidized form as
  it passes ______________ to an iron-sulfur
  protein (FeS).
• The iron-sulfur protein then passes electrons to
  a compound called ubiquinone. Ubiquinone is
  ________within the membrane rather than residing
  in a complex.
• Most of the remaining electron carriers between
  ubiquinone and oxygen are proteins called
  ______________.
• Cytochromes have a prosthetic ______ group which
  has an iron atom that accepts and donates
  electrons.
• Each of the cytochromes in the ETC has a
  ______________ electron-carrying heme group.
• FADH2, another reduced product of the citric acid
  cycle is another source of electrons for the ETC.
  FADH2 adds its electrons to the ETC at complex II
  at a ______________ energy level than NADH does.

FLAVOPROTEIN
ELECTRONS
MOBILE
CYTOCHROMES
HEME
DIFFERENT
LOWER
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• Function of the ETC
• The ETC makes no ATP ______________.
• The function is to _____ the fall of electrons
  from food to oxygen to break a large free energy
  drop into a series of smaller steps that release
  energy in ______________ amounts.
• _________________- The Energy Coupling Mechanism
• ATP synthase is an ______________ located in the
  inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
• ATP synthase makes ATP from ADP and inorganic
  ______________
• ATP synthase works like an ion pump in
  ______________.
• Uses energy of an existing ion ______________ to
  power ATP synthesis by phosphorylation.
• The power source is the proton gradient and
  therefore is the difference in ______________ of
  H on opposite sides of the membrane.

DIRECTLY
EASE
MANAGEABLE
CHEMIOSMOSIS
ENZYME
PHOSPHATE
REVERSE
GRADIENT
CONCENTRATION
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• Chemiosmosis The process where energy is stored
  in the form of an H gradient ______________ a
  membrane being used to drive cellular work. (Do
  not confuse with osmosis)
• P 171 Figure 9.14 4 Parts to ATP synthase
• How does inner mitochondrial membrane generate
  and keep the H gradient?
• Electron transport chain purpose is to _______
  the H gradient.
• The ETC pumps electrons across the membrane (from
  the mitochondrial ________ to the intermembrane
  space).
• H has a tendency to move _______ across the
  membrane so ions pass through a channel in ATP
  synthase to drive the phosphorylation of ADP.
• The energy stored in an H gradient across a
  membrane couples the redox reactions of the ETC
  to ATP synthesis an example of chemiosmosis.
• This H gradient is referred to as
  ________-motive force capacity to do work

ACROSS
CREATE
MATRIX
BACK
PROTON
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• Other examples of chemiosmosis
• ______________ use to generate ATP during
  photosynthesis (light drives ETC)
• ______________ generate H gradients across their
  plasma membrane, then tap the proton-motive force
  to make ATP and pump nutrients and waste across
  the membrane, and to rotate their flagella.
• Electron Transport
• ETC and ATP Synthesis
• CR Overview (long)
• ETC

CHLOROPLASTS
PROKARYOTES
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• Total ATP Production by Cellular Respiration
• Energy flow glucose? NADH? ETC?proton motive
  force? ATP
• Three main parts of cell respiration
• Glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
• __ ATP, __ pyruvate, __ NADH
• Citric Acid Cycle (_________ Cycle) substrate
  level phos.
• __ ATP, __ NADH, __ FADH2
• Electron Transport chain (oxidative
  phosphorylation)
• __ or __ ATP
• Totals __ or __ ATP

2 2 2
KREBS
2 6 2
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36 38
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• Fermentation
• Fermentation consists of glycolysis and reactions
  that ______________ NAD by transferring
  electrons from NADH to pyruvate or derivative of
  pyruvate.
• The NAD can be reused to oxidize sugar by
  glycolysis resulting in two (net) ATP.
• Two types of Fermentation
• ______________ Fermentation Steps
• Pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
  in two steps. The first step releases CO2 from
  the pyruvate which is converted to the two-carbon
  compound acetaldehyde.
• In the second step, acetaldehyde is reduced by
  NADH to ethanol. This regenerates the supply of
  NAD needed to continue glycolysis.
• Examples

REGENERATE
ALCOHOLIC
bacteria yeast, humans use it to brew beer, make
wine, and bread.
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• ______________ acid fermentation Steps
• Pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form
  lactate as an end product with no release of CO2.
  (Lactate is the ionized form of lactic acid)
• Examples of Lactic acid fermentation
• Microbial fermentation produce acetone and
  methanol
• ____________________________ make ATP by lactic
  acid fermentation when oxygen is scarce.
• Strenuous exercise when sugar catabolism for ATP
  production outpaces the muscles supply of oxygen
  from the blood.
• This build up of lactate causes muscle fatigue
  and pain.
• fermentation 1
• Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis
• Both ______________ and ______________ use
  ______________ to generate _____.

LACTIC ACID
HUMAN MUSCLE CELLS
EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
GLYCOLYSIS
ATP
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• Chapter 10- Photosynthesis
• Sunlight the main source of ____________ on
  Earth
• ________________ process by which light energy
  from the sun is captured by ________________and
  is converted to chemical energy stored in
  _________ and other organic molecules.
• ________________are producers produce their
  food from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials
  obtained from the environment.
• The main source of organic compounds for all
  ________________ organisms.
• Almost all plants are autotrophs, specifically
  ___________________since they use light as a
  source of energy to synthesize organic compounds.
• Examples p.182 Figure 10.2
• ________________are consumers obtain their
  organic material by consuming compounds produced
  by other organisms.
• Almost all heterotrophs are dependent on
  __________________ for food and oxygen

ENERGY
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CHLOROPLASTS
SUGAR
AUTOTROPHS
NONAUTOTROPHIC
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
HETEROTROPHS
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
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• Introduction to Photosynthesis
• Formula (LEARN)
• Plant structure p. 183 Figure 10.3

6 CO2 6 H2O LIGHT ? C6H12O6 6 O2
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• ________________gives a plant or leaf its green
  color as it is a green ________________located
  within chloroplasts. It is the light energy
  ________________by chlorophyll that drives the
  synthesis of organic molecules
• Chloroplasts are found in the cells of the
  ________________, the tissue in the interior of a
  leaf
• Carbon dioxide enters the leaf and oxygen exits
  by the ________________which are tiny pores.
• An envelope of two membranes encloses the
  ________________, the dense fluid within the
  chloroplast.
• The ___________ are a system of interconnected
  membranous sacs that segregate the stroma from
  the thylakoid space.
• Thylakoids can be stacked in columns called
  _____________.
• Chlorophyll is located in the thylakoid
  ________________.

CHLOROPHYLL
PIGMENT
ABSORBED
MESOPHYLL
STOMATA
STROMA
THYLAKOIDS
GRANA
MEMBRANE
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• The oxygen released from photosynthesis is due to
  the splitting of ____ and not _____.
• The _______ is incorporated into sugar and ____
  is released as waste.
• Photosynthesis is a _________ process
• Water is split, and electrons are transferred
  along with H ions from the __________ to CO2,
  reducing it to a sugar.
• Since electrons __________ in potential energy as
  they move from water to sugar, this requires
  energy which is provided by ___________.

H2O
CO2
H
O
REDOX
WATER
INCREASE
LIGHT
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• Photosynthesis is broken up into ____ phases
• The light-________________reactions (photo)
• Solar energy is converted to __________ energy
  (____ and ______)
• Light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer
  of electrons and Hydrogen from water to an
  acceptor called ____________.
• Water is ______ and releases oxygen.
• Solar power is used to reduce NADP to NADPH by
  adding a pair of ________________along with a
  hydrogen nucleus or H
• ATP is generated by chemiosmosis by
  ________________________.
• Two products NADPH and ATP

2
DEPENDENT
CHEMICAL
ATP
NADPH
NADP
SPLIT
ELECTRONS
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
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• Calvin cycle (synthesis) Light independent
  reactions (sort of)
• _______ from the air is incorporated into organic
  molecules already present in chloroplast. This
  process is called carbon ________________.
• Next, the fixed carbon is reduced to
  ________________ by the addition of electrons.
  Reducing power is provided by ________________.
• To convert CO2 to carbohydrate, the Calvin cycle
  also requires ________________ energy in the form
  of ATP.
• Dark reactions because it does not require light
  directly but needs the products of the light
  reactions.
• Products Sugar (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate then
  ________________)

CO2
FIXATION
CARBOHYDRATE
NADPH
CHEMICAL
GLUCOSE
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• Sunlight and the light Spectrum
• Light is a form of energy known as
  electromagnetic energy and travels in rhythmic
  _________.
• Wavelength the ________________ between crests
  of waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum the entire spectrum of
  ________________ ranging in wavelength from
  _______ a nanometer (gamma rays) to _______ a
  kilometer (radio waves).

WAVES
DISTANCE
RADIATION
lt
gt
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• ____________ Light From 380 nm to 750 nm.
• ___________ discrete particles that act like
  objects with a fixed quantity of energy.
• Energy of photons is ________________ related to
  the wavelength of the light shorter wavelength,
  the ________________ the energy.
• The sun radiates the full spectrum but the
  atmosphere only ________________ visible light to
  pass through.
• Visible light drives ________________.

VISIBLE
PHOTONS
INVERSELY
GREATER
ALLOWS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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• ______________- substance that absorbs visible
  light.
• Different pigments absorb (and reflect) light of
  different ________________and cause the absorbed
  wavelengths to disappear.
• The color we see is the color that is the most
  ______________ by the pigment.
• Example seeing green or black, or white.
• ____________________- instrument that can measure
  the ability of a pigment to absorb various
  wavelengths of light.
• It directs beams of light of different
  wavelengths through a solution of pigment to
  measure the ________________ of light transmitted
  at each wavelength.
• ________________Spectrum- graph plotting a
  pigments absorption v. wavelength.
• Pg 187 Figure 10.9

PIGMENT
WAVELENGTHS
REFLECTED
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
FRACTION
ABSORPTION
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• Significance By analyzing absorption spectra of
  chloroplast pigments, scientists can compare the
  relative ________________ of different
  wavelengths for driving photosynthesis. (How do
  we know which wavelength is most effective?)
• ________________ spectrum- graph plotting the
  rate of photosynthesis (____ release or ____
  consumption) v. wavelength
• ________________- the main photosynthetic pigment
• Chlorophyll a v. Chlorophyll b- Chlorophyll b is
  an accessory pigment that has a slight structural
  difference which allows them to absorb slightly
  different colors (and have different colors).
• ________________- yellow and orange hydrocarbons
  that absorb violet and blue-green light.
• These can broaden the spectrum of photosynthesis
  and provide __________________ ability to absorb
  and rid excessive light energy that would damage
  chlorophyll or interact with oxygen.

EFFECTIVENESS
ACTION
O2
CO2
CHLOROPHYLL
CAROTENOIDS
PHOTOPROTECTION
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• Chlorophyll and Light
• When a molecule ________________a photon of
  light, one of the molecules electrons is
  elevated to an orbital where it has more
  potential energy (from ground state to
  ___________ state).
• A compound absorbs only photons that have
  specific wavelengths which is why each pigment
  has its ________________ absorption spectrum.
• The electron ________________ stay in an excited
  state so will drop to its ground state which
  releases excess energy as _____________.
• Chlorophyll in isolation will also release light
  (_____________) as well as heat.
• P. 189 Fig. 10.11
• Example Car roof on a hot day (which is
  coolest?)

ABSORBS
EXCITED
UNIQUE
CANNOT
HEAT
FLUORESCENCE
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• ________________ Reaction Center associated with
  Light-Harvesting Complexes
• Photosystems are composed of reaction centers
  surrounded by a number of light-harvesting
  complexes that consist of ____________ molecules
  bound to particular ___________.
• The number and variety of pigment molecules allow
  a photosystem to harvest light over a
  ________________ surface of the spectrum.
• Picture

PHOTOSYSTEM
PIGMENT
PROTEINS
LARGER
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• Reaction Center- protein complex that includes
  two ________________chlorophyll a molecules and a
  molecule called the primary electron acceptor.
• These chlorophyll a molecules, because of their
  environment enable them to use the energy from
  light to boost one of their electrons to a
  ________________ energy level.
• First step of the light reactions
  ___________-powered transfer an electron from the
  special chlorophyll a molecule to the primary
  electron acceptor (_________ reaction).
• Photosystems convert light energy to chemical
  energy to be used to ________________ sugar.
• The ________________membrane contains two types
  of photosystems that cooperate in the light
  reactions.
• Photosystem II (PSII) first (Chlorophyll a-
  ______) Photosystem I (PSI) (Chlorophyll a-
  ______)

SPECIAL
HIGHER
SOLAR
REDOX
SYNTHESIZE
THYLAKOID
p680
p700
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• Reactions in the Photosystem- Noncyclic electron
  flow pg190
• Photon of light hits a ________________ in a
  light harvesting complex and is moved to other
  pigment molecules until it reaches a P680
  molecule in PS II. It excites one of the two P680
  molecules.
• The electron is then ________________by the
  primary electron acceptor.
• An enzyme splits a water molecule into two
  electrons, two H ions and ½ O2. Electrons are
  supplied one by one to the ________ replacing an
  electron ______ to the primary electron acceptor.
  Oxygen combines with another oxygen to form O2.
• Each excited electron passes from the primary
  electron acceptor of PS II to PS I by an
  ________________________________.

PIGMENT
CAPTURED
p680
LOST
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
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• The exergonic ______ of electrons to a lower
  energy level provides energy for _____ synthesis.
• At the same time, light energy was
  ________________by a light harvesting complex to
  the PS I reaction center, exciting an electron of
  a P700 molecule. The excited electron is then
  captured by PS I primary electron acceptor,
  creating an electron hole in P700. Hole is
  filled by an electron that reaches the bottom of
  the electron transport chain from _________.
• Excited electrons are passed from PS Is
  ________________________________ down a electron
  transport chain through the protein
  ________________ (Fd).
• The enzyme NADP reductase transfers electrons
  from Fd to NADP. Two electrons are required for
  its ________________ to NADPH.
• Summary Light reactions use solar power to
  generate ATP (chemical energy) and NADPH
  (reducing power) which will fuel the
  ________________.
• non cyclic- good!

FALL
ATP
TRANSFERRED
PS II
PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
FERRODOXIN
REDUCTION
CALVIN CYCLE
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• Reactions in the Photosystem- _____________
  electron flow
• Under certain conditions, photoexcited electrons
  can take a cyclic electron flow which uses
  photosystem ___ but not photosystem ___.
• Electrons ______ back from ferredoxin (Fd) to the
  cytochromes complex and back from there on to a
  P700 in the PS I reaction center.
• ATP is ______________.
• There is no production of ________________ and no
  release of ________________.
• Why use cyclic electron flow?
• Noncyclic electron flow generates an
  ________________ amount of ATP and NADPH but the
  Calvin cycle uses _________ ATP than NADPH so
  cyclic electron flow can provide more ATP.
• A rise in NADPH can result in shift to cyclic
  electron flow which allows ATP to catch up to
  NADPH (_____________________).

CYCLIC
I
II
CYCLE
GENERATED
NADPH
OXYGEN
EQUAL
MORE
SUPPLY DEMAND
Cyclic noncyclic
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Links!

• cyclic vs non cyclic no narration
• Cyclic noncyclic
• non cyclic- good!
• non cyclic light rxn
• Light rxn overview

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CHLOROPLAST BOTH MITOCHONDRIA
photosystems capture light energy and use it to drive electrons to the top of the transport chain. Have ETC in membrane proteins pump proteins across membranes High energy electrons dropped down the transport chain are extracted from organic molecules
chloroplast transform light energy into chemical energy in ATP (and NADPH) Electrons pass through progressively more electronegative carriers mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food molecules to ATP (and NADH)
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CHLOROPLAST BOTH MITOCHONDRIA
The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast pumps protons from the stroma into the thylakoid space (interior of the thylakoid), which functions as the H reservoir. The thylakoid membrane makes ATP as the hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient from the thylakoid space back to the stroma ATP synthase are very similar The inner membrane of the mitochondrion pumps protons from the mitochondrial matrix out of the intermembrane space, which then serves as a reservoir of hydrogen ions that powers the ATP synthase.
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• The Calvin Cycle
• Similar to the citric acid cycle in that a
  starting material is _________________ after
  molecules enter and leave the cycle.
• But while the citric acid cycle is catabolic, the
  Calvin cycle is _________________, building sugar
  from smaller molecules while consuming energy.
• ______ (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is directly
  produced from the Calvin Cycle (requires
  _________ turns of the Calvin Cycle, fixing three
  molecules of CO2
• Phase 1 _________________
• CO2 molecules are fixated one at a time by the
  enzyme RuBP carboxylase (_________________),
  attaching to a five carbon sugar, ribulose
  biphosphate (_________________).
• This produces a six-carbon _________________so
  unstable that it immediately splits in half,
  forming two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (for
  each CO2).

REGENERATED
ANABOLIC
G3P
3
CARBON FIXATION
RUBISCO
RuBP
INTERMEDIATE
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• Phase 2 _________________
• Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate receives an
  additional phosphate group from ______, becoming
  1, 3-biphosphoglycerate.
• Next, a pair of electrons donated from
  ___________ reduces 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate to
  G3P. Specifically, the electrons from NADPH
  reduces the carboxyl group of 3-phosphoglycerate
  to the aldehyde group of G3P, which stores more
  _____________ energy.
• G3P is a sugarthe same three-carbon sugar form
  in _________________ by the splitting of glucose.
  
• For every ________ molecules of CO2, there are
  ______ molecules of G3P. But only ____ molecule
  of this three-carbon sugar can be counted as a
  net gain of carbohydrate.

REDUCTION
ATP
NADPH
POTENTIAL
GLYCOLYSIS
SIX
THREE
ONE
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• The cycle began with ___ carbons worth of
  carbohydrate in the form of three molecules of
  the five-carbon sugar _______.
• Now there are ____ carbons worth of carbohydrate
  in the form of six molecules of G3P. One molecule
  ______ the cycle to be used by the plant cell,
  but the other five molecules must be recycled to
  regenerate the three molecules of RuBP.

15
RuBP
18
EXITS
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• Phase 3 _________________ of the CO2 acceptor
  (RuBP).
• With a series of reactions, the carbon skeletons
  of five molecules of G3P are __________ by the
  last steps of the Calvin Cycle into three
  molecules of RuBP.
• The cycle spends three more molecules of ATP. The
  RuBP is now prepared to receive CO2 again, and
  the cycle continues.
• For the net synthesis of one G3P molecule, the
  Calvin cycle ______________ a total of 9
  molecules of ATP and six molecules of NADPH.
• G3P becomes the _________________ molecule for
  metabolic pathways for other organic compounds.
• Photosynthesis is an _________________ property
  of the chloroplast which integrates both stages
  (neither could _________________ on its own).

REGENERATION
REARRANGED
CONSUMES
STARTING
EMERGENT
EXIST
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Calvin Cycle Links

• Calvin Cycle 1
• Calvin Cycle step by step
• Calvin cycle step by step 2
• PS review

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• Summarizing Photosynthesis Significance
• Sugar in chloroplasts supplies entire plant with
  chemical energy and carbon skeletons for the
  _________________of all the major organic
  molecules of plant cells.
• 50 of organic material made by photosynthesis is
  consumed as fuel for cellular respiration in the
  _________________of plant cells.
• Sometimes there is a loss of photosynthetic
  products to _________________
• Only green cells are autotrophic parts of plant.
  The rest depends on molecules such as
  carbohydrates to be transported out of the leaves
  in the form of _________________.
• Most plants manage to make more organic fuel than
  they need to use so they can store it in the form
  of _________________ (chloroplasts).
• Photosynthesis is responsible for the
  _________________in our atmosphere.

SYNTHESIS
MITOCHONDRIA
PHOTORESPIRATION
SUCROSE
STARCH
OXYGEN