Phylum

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• Phylum PoriferaThe Sponges
• Read 130-133

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The Sponges Phylum Porifera
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(No Transcript)
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Taxonomy

• Kingdom Animalia
• Subkingdom Parazoa (lacks tissues)
• Phylum Porifera (pores)

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Characteristics

• Porifera Porus (pore) Fera (bearing)
• Simplest of all animals
• Contain specialized cells but no other
  organization level
• Most are marine
• Saltwater sponges are brightly colored

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Characteristics

• Freshwater sponges are small and dull green color
• Size 2 meters to 2 cm
• No nerves - therefore - No coordinated movement
• Single or colonial

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Characteristics

• Water enters through pores bringing in food and
  oxygen
• Filter feeders on plankton
• Osculum large opening at the top where excess
  water leaves

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Draw or trace diagram of a sponge from page 131
in your text book
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Water Flow Through the Sponge
WATER OUT
WATER IN
Osculum
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Characteristics

• Asymmetrical
• Sessile as adults (attach to rocks)
• Free-swimming larval stage called Dipleurula
• Also reproduce by fragmentation (pieces break off
  form a new sponge)

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Sponge Body Structure

• Inside body cavity of sponge is hollow
• Called the Spongocoel
• Have 2 cell layers
• Outer epidermis
• Inner endoderm
• Jelly-like material between cell layers called
  mesenchyme

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Collar cells
Collar cells

• Collar Cells line the gastrovascular cavity
  capture food
• Amebocytes digest distribute food

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Specialized Cells

• Collar cells line inside of body cavity
  (spongocoel)
• Have flagella that spins to pull in water food
• Collar traps diatoms, protozoans, bacteria and
  organic matter (food) from water

Collar
Collar cells
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Other Specialized Cells

• Amebocytes
• Pick up food from collar cells
• Finish digestion
• Move through the mesenchyme take food to other
  cells

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Skeletal Structure of the Sponge

• Skeleton made of network of protein fibers called
  Spongin
• Spicules are hard spear or star-shaped structures
• Spicules made of CaCO3 (limestone) or silica
  SiO2(glass)

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Sponge Skeletons
Silica Spicules
Limestone Spicules
SPONGIN
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Sponge Skeletons
VENUS FLOWER BASKET
SPICULES
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Spicule type determines classification
Phylum Porifera
Class Calcarea (calcerous sponges having
spicules)
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Phylum Porifera
Class Demosponginae (horn sponges, like the
bath sponge)
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Phylum Porifera
Class Scleropongiae (coralline or tropical reef
sponges)
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Phylum Porifera
Class Hexactinellida (glass sponges).
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Sponge Reproduction

• Sponges can regenerate (regrow) lost body parts
  through mitotic cell division (asexual)
• Sponges also reproduce asexually by budding

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Sponge Reproduction

• Sponges are hermaphrodites (produce both eggs
  sperm)
• Sponges reproduce Sexually by releasing eggs
  sperm into the water from the Osculum
• Cross-fertilize each others eggs

Sponge releasing eggs sperm
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Surviving Harsh Conditions

• Gemmules are specialized buds made to survive
  harsh weather (hot or cold)
• Contain food, amebocytes, and a protective
  covering of spicules
• Released when a sponge dies
• Resist dessication (drying out)
• Become adult sponge conditions become favorable

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Feeding

• Filter Feeders
• Collar cells collect particles as they pass
  through the Pore Cells
• Items consumed are Resist d diatoms, protozoans,
  bacteria and organic matter

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Branching Tube Sponge
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Stove Pipe Sponge
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Vase Sponges
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Barrel Sponges
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Ball Sponges
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Rope Sponges
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Importance of Sponges

• Reefs provide habitat for many animals
• Vacuums of the sea -- clean up the sea
  floor/oceans
• Sponges are a commercial venture
• Several medicinal compounds, including
  antibiotics, antivirual drugs, and drugs for
  leukemia come from sponges.

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Cool Stuff Regeneration!

• Tremendous ability to repair and restore lost
  parts.
• Can also reconstitute selves if totally
  disintegrated.
• Sponge tissue has some similarity to human
  connective tissue. Could lead to aid in tissue
  transplantation.

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Embryology
Development

• Weird and different from any other animal.
• Larval stage is usually a flagellated and free
  swimming. Interior has all cells of sponges but
  no choanocytes.
• Settles. Creeps around on flagella and eats
  extracellularly.