Mosaic of Unity and Diversity:

1
Chapter 9

• Mosaic of Unity and Diversity
• The Church in the Americas
• 1492 1876 A.D.

2
A Collision of Cultures

• 1492 Columbus discovers New World
• 1504 Diocese of Santo Domingo established
• Goals of the Spanish explorers
• God
• Glory
• Gold
• Issue Sometimes the goals were confused
• Conquistadores
• conquerors the Spanish soldiers who first
  came to the Americas
• 1515 1519 Conquest of Cuba and movement onto
  the mainland of North America

3
Indigenous Civilizations

• Aztec
• Central Mexico
• Adopted Catholicism enthusiastically
• Inca
• Andean region
• Adopted Catholicism more slowly
• Native inhabitants unprepared for European
  invasion
• Technology
• Steel v. stone
• Horses
• Gunpowder
• Disease
• Small pox, measles, flu, tetanus, and yellow
  fever

4
Native American Catholicism

• Despite facing hardship, many native people
  adopted the faith of their conquerors
• St. Rose of Lima
• Daughter of Spanish settlers in Lima
• Spent her life in service of the poor
• First American declared a saint
• Our Lady of Guadalupe
• Marys apparition to St. Juan Diego in 1531
• Patroness of the Americas

5
Bartolomé de las Casas

• Dominican 1509
• Awarded an encomienda but changed his outlook
• Defender of the Indians

• 1537 Pope proclamation
• Indians are human
• 1542 New Laws of the Indies
• A Brief account of the Destruction of the Indies

6
Encomienda

• system of tributary labor established in Spanish
  America. Developed as a means of securing an
  adequate and cheap labor supply, the encomienda
  was first used over the conquered Moors of Spain.
  Transplanted to the New World, it gave the
  conquistador control over the native populations
  by requiring them to pay tribute from their
  lands, which were granted to deserving subjects
  of the Spanish crown.

7
Catholicism Moves North

• Spanish missionary efforts turned to the mainland
  of the Americas
• 1513 Ponce de Leon fountain of youth
• Beginning of a mission in Florida at St.
  Augustine
• The oldest mission in the United States
• 1542 Spanish explorers reach California
• Dozens of missions founded throughout the
  California region
• San Diego, San Francisco, Santa Clara, etc.

8
French Presence

• French explorers arrived in Canada in 1534
• Major colonizing efforts did not begin until
  1632
• Consisting mainly of French Jesuits
• Attempted to instruct the Native Americans in
  European ways
• Black Robes
• Northern Native American term given to the
  Jesuits because of their distinctive garb
• French missionaries would begin to move south
  over the course of the next century
• Jacques Marquette Louis Jolliet (pg. 223)

9
French Success?

• Compared to the success of Spanish missionaries
  in New Spain, French missionaries did not do
  too well in New France
• French less willing to colonize and settle in the
  New World
• France effected more negatively than Spain by the
  Reformation
• Thus, Catholicism does not develop and spread as
  much in the north as it did in the south
• Missionary communities few and far between
• Chicago would not develop and thrive until much
  later

10
Catholicism in the Colonies

• The 13 colonies were founded and colonized mostly
  by Protestants
• Maryland the only colony friendly to Catholics
• Catholicism was practiced by the ruling elite not
  the middle or working classes
• Act of Toleration of 1649
• Decree by the colonial government granting
  freedom of religion in Maryland
• In time, Puritans overtake the colony and ban
  Catholic worship and education
• Remained in effect until just before the
  Revolution

11
John Carroll

• Predominant figure in the history of the early
  American Church
• Born in 1735, studied and was ordained in Europe
• Returned in 1773 and became active in the
  revolutionary cause
• Became associated with Benjamin Franklin
• 1789 elected as first bishop in the United States
• Diocese covering the entire United States
• Responsible for opening two seminaries and helped
  develop Georgetown University

12
Catholic Growth

• From 1776 1815, the number of Catholics in the
  United States increased from 30,000 to 200,000
• Through the efforts of Bishop Carroll,
  Catholicism was not seen as a threat to the new
  American republic
• American Catholics began integrating themselves
  into the nation and embraced both their faith and
  national identity