WARM UP

1
WARM UP WHAT IS LIFE?HOW DO WE DEFINE LIFE?

• (1 minute) Make your own definitionwrite it down
• (2 minutes 1 each) Share it with your partner.
  Also use the time to learn e/os names, and
  something you do that makes you feel very alive.
• Read What is Life?. Underline key points.
  Answer questions 1-3.
• When finished discuss your answers w/ your
  partner.
• (save this for later well continue part-way
  into the lecture.)

2
CHAPTER 1

• Ten Themes in the Study of Life

3
Ten themes in Biology

1. Emergent Properties
2. The Cell
3. Heritable Information
4. Structure-Function
5. Interaction with the Environment
   (interdependence/energy transfer)
6. Regulation
7. Unity and Diversity (continuity change)
8. Evolution
9. Scientific Inquiry (science as a process)
10. Science, Technology, and Society

4
WHY USE THEMES???

• Large volume of vocabulary facts. Themes help
  make connections.
• scales of size and time vary greatly. Themes
  apply to life on many levels- microscopic to
  whole systems.
• Themes are core principals that cut through the
  material no matter what topic you are studying
  they can be applied OVERARCHING CONCEPTS

5
Paul Sereno, paleontologist
Joanne Chory. Plant Biologist
Flossie Wong-Staal, HIV researcher
George Langford, Cell Biologist
6
4 BIG IDEAS combine themes

1. The process of evolution drives the diversity and
   unity of life.
2. Biological systems utilize free energy and
   molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce,
   and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
3. Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and
   respond to information essential to life
   processes.
4. Biological systems interact and these systems and
   their interactions possess complex properties.

7
4 minute BRAINSTORM then discuss w/ your partner

• QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
• What do you think each idea means?
• Can you provide an example of each?
• Which characteristics of life apply to each big
  idea?

8
1) EMERGENT PROPERTIES

• REDUCTIONISM is a top down approach used to
  understand the nature of complex things by
  reducing them to
• 1. Simpler more fundamental parts. Or
• 2. the interactions of their parts.
• Looking at life bottom up, ORDER (a high degree
  of it) is a basic characteristic of life, at any
  level...
• Each level, ATOM to the BIOSPHERE, is organized.
• Properties result from interactions between the
  components.
• At each larger level unique properties emerge
  or appear.
• Ex. LIFE only exists at the level of CELL, which
  is made of organelles, etc..

9
HIERARCHY OF ORGANIZATIONeach level builds on
the levels below it can you put these in order
small to big?
10
HIERARCHY OF ORGANIZATIONsmallest components of
living thingsto the largest groupings of them.
11
THE TOTAL IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS.

• Life is more than just the atoms, molecules,
  cells that compose it
• there are also properties/qualities/characteristic
  s that EMERGE because of interactions.
• The phenomena of evolution occurs because of
  interactions of organisms and their environment
  through differential reproduction- only at the
  level of POPULATION.

12
SOME PROPERTIES OF LIFE
How do we define Life? A collection of
characteristics.All PROPERTIES (characteristics)
emerge at the final level of LIFE- the CELL (in
the cells of these multicelled creatures) What
characteristics/properties of life do you
observe?
13
How do we define Life? All PROPERTIES emerge at
the final level of LIFE.Nonliving things may
have some of these properties- but only living
things have ALL of them.

• M
• R
• S
• C
• H
• O
• G
• E
• D

14
Characteristics of living things

• Metabolism (chemical reactions that utilize
  matter energy)
• Reproduction (by copying transmitting DNA)
• Sensitivity (responds to stimulus)
• Cells (the basic unit of life)
• Homeostasis (maintains a steady state)
• Order complexity (much more complex than
  nonliving things)
• Growth development (based on DNA)
• Evolutionary Adaptation (changes that accumulate
  over generations)
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid- the molecule of
  heredity)

15
Metabolism Energy Utilization
(Adaptation)
16
reproduction
17
ORDER
18
Growth and Development
19

• Basically, Life is defined by a collection of
  qualities or characteristics. MRS CHOGED
• WHAT IS LIFE? Activity/ Warm UP continued
  Pick 5 specimen to observe. For each specimen
  check off the characteristics it has. Analyze
  your findings 4-13.
• If the specimen is living it should have a check
  by all of them.
• If the specimen does not have checks for all it
  is either inanimate or dead
• Dead things still have cells, DNA, order,
  physical evolutionary adaptations.

20
2) Cells basic unit of life

• THE CELL THEORY (schleiden, schwann, virchow)
• 1) All living things consist of cells.
• 2) Cells are an organisms basic unit of
  structure and function.
• 3) All cells come from other cells.

21
(No Transcript)
22

• Hooke (1665) English, observed cork- dead plant
  material, 30x, cells
• Leeuwenhoek (Dutch), observed pond water, 300x,
  1st living cells animacules, protists, sperm,
  blood
• (1839) Schleiden Schwann- German, The cell is
  the universal unit of life.
• Virchow (1855) German, Omnis cellula e
  cellula. Every cell originates from another
  cell.

23
Cell Types (there are two)

• 1) Prokaryotic cells
• - ex. bacteria archaea
• 2) Eukaryotic cells
• - ex. all other life forms
• Similarities both have DNA and are enclosed by
  a membrane.
• Differences Eukaryotic cells are larger and have
  internal membranes which divide the cell into
  functional compartments called organelles-
• ex. The nucleus in the membrane around the DNA.

24
3) Heritable Information

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• is the substance of genes- instructions to make
  protein and protein makes the creature what it
  is.
• Units of inheritance passed from parents to
  offspring.
• Double stranded molecule made of 4 chemical
  letters or nucleotides (ATGC).
• Human genome is 6 billion letters long in 23
  pairs of chromosomes.

25
The genetic material DNA
26
4) Structure Relates to Function

• Form (structure) fits function (job) vice
  versa.
• Ex. Nerve cells are shaped differently than skin
  cells- allows for rapid communication.
• Bird bones shaped to be lighter than those of
  reptiles or mammals- allows for flight.

Form fits function
27
Andreas Vesalius

• 1514-1564 was a Flemish anatomist and author of
  one of the most influential books on human
  anatomy,De humani corporis fabrica (On the
  Workings of the Human Body).
• Founder of modern human anatomy.
• There is an Anatomy Physiology (H/R) class
  taught here at Pali.

28
5) Interaction With Environment

• Organisms are open systems.
• Open systems exchange materials and energy with
  their surroundings.
• Ecosystems are composed of living organisms and
  their nonliving environment.
• Two main principles of Ecology
• 1. Cycling/Recycling of nutrients from
  environment to organisms (back) to relies on
  producers decomposers biogeochemical cycles.
  ex. carbon
• 2. Flow of energy from sun to living
  organisms through food chains and back to space
  as heat from each link in the chain. ex. 10 rule

29
The Nitrogen Cycle is one of the more complex
biogeochemical cycles.
30
An introduction to energy flow and energy
transformation in an ecosystem
31
6)Regulation

• Enzymes are protein molecules that regulate
  chemical reactions in cells.
• These biological catalysts speed up reactions.
• Feedback loops self-regulate biological
  processes. A product of a process regulates that
  same process
• May stop or encourage the production of key
  enzymes.
• 2 types
• 1.negative feedback (insulin/glucagon- blood
  sugar)
• A physiological control mechanism in which a
  change in a physiological variable triggers a
  response that counteracts the initial change.
• A primary mechanism of homeostasis.
• 2.positive feedback (oxytocin- uterine
  contractions)
• A physiological control mechanism in which a
  change in a variable triggers mechanisms that
  amplify the change.

32
Regulate blood sugar levels w/ this pair of
hormones. The production of each is controlled by
negative feedback.
After a meal Insulin causes liver and muscle
cells to take up excess glucose from your
blood and attach them together to make large
glycogen polymers. When blood sugar level is
lowered your body stops making insulin. Between
meals Glucagon causes stored glucose to be
released into your blood stream from glycogen.
When you have enough glucose, your body stops
making glucagon.
33
Regulation by feedback mechanisms
Positive feedback speeds a process up. Snowball
effect.

• Examples
• Clotting of Blood- platelets release chemicals
  that attract more
• platelets so more chemicals are released
  so more platelets
• arrive ENDS when scab forms- no more
  wound to attract platelets.
• Baby pressure on uterine wall causes release of
  oxytocin, which
• causes uterine contractions which causes
  more pressure on
• uterine wall and the production of more
  oxytocin and so on
• ENDS when baby leaves uterus- no more
  pressure on uterus.

34
7) Unity and Diversity

• Vertical dimension is the size scale reaching
  from molecules to the bioshphere.
• Horizontal dimension stretches across the
  diversity of life now and throughout lifes
  history (3.5 billion years of history) includes
  extinct ancestors.
• 1.5 million extant (living) species identified so
  far.
• Estimated 5-40 Million species to exist.
• Biodiversity is the measure of the number of
  species and the abundance of each as well.
• species richness (zoo) vs. diversity (rainforest)

35
A small sample of biological diversity
36
TAXONOMY is the branch of biology that names and
classifies species. (Aristotle vs. Linnaeus)
Organisms are categorized into

• Three DOMAINS of Life
• 1. Bacteria- prokaryotes
• 2. Archaea- prokaryotes
• 3. Eukarya- eukaryotes
• Five or Six KINGDOMS of Life.
• 1. Animalia 2. Plantae 3. Fungi
• 4. Protista 5. Monera (prokaryotes)
• or
• 5. Archaea 6. Bacteria

37
Three domains of life
38
HOW DO YOU CLASSIFY LIFE FROM GENERAL TO SPECIFIC?

• Linnaeus nested heirarchy.

39
Classifying life from most general to most
specific
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
King Phillip Came Over For Good Sex
Keep Pots Clean Or Family Gets Sick
Kinky People Come Over For Group Sex
40
An example of unity underlying the diversity of
life the architecture of eukaryotic
ciliaExplain?
41
8)Evolution (core theme)

• Evolution is the core theme of biology.
• Process that accounts for the combination of
  unity and diversity in life.
• Implies that all living things are related.
• The common ancestors are prokaryotes that existed
  3.5 billion years ago.

42
TREE OF LIFE

• The organisms that are alive today are but the
  leaves of this giant tree
• if we could trace their history back down the
  branches of the Tree of Life
• we would encounter their ancestors,\
• which lived thousands or millions or hundreds of
  millions of years ago

43
Charles Darwin developed

• The concept of
• Natural Selection.
• Observations
• a.) Individual variation.
• b.) Struggle for existence.
• Inference
• Differential reproductive success.

Charles Darwin (18091882)
44
Diversification of finches on the Galápagos
Islands
45
Differential reproductive success was called
NATURAL SELECTION by Darwin. Natural Selection
does not CREATE adaptations, it
screens variations that are heritable In the
next generation we see a higher proportion of a
trait.
46
Evolutionary adaptation is a product of natural
selection
Weedy sea dragon
47

• Survival of the fittest- fitness is measured by
  reproductive success.
• Inspired by Malthus- said that populations grow
  faster than the resources to support them.
• Galapagos Islands- new land, off the west coast
  of South America. Finches, tortoises, iguanas.

48
Careful observation and measurement provide the
raw data for science
49
9) Scientific Inquiry a search for information
and explanation often focusing on specific
questions.

• TWO MAIN FORMS OF INQUIRY
• 1. Discovery Science
• describes natural structures and processes as
  accurately as possible through careful
  observation and analysis of data. Conclusions
  based on logic inductive reasoning.
• Ex. microscope observations led to the CELL
  THEORY
• 2. Hypothesis-Based Science
• Process of inquiry that includes repeatable
  observations and testable hypotheses deductive
  reasoning if then statement.
• Science to know is limited to those structures
  and processes we can observe and measure.
• Science can not answer questions like Why are
  we here? this is why the humanities are so
  important.

50
Applying hypothetico-deductive reasoning to a
campground problem
If then reasoning Works backwards from The
general to the specific. Flashlight doesnt
work If the bulb is the culprit Then it should
work w/ a New bulb!
51
THEORY

• Comprehensive explanation supported by abundant
  evidence.
• Idea that ties together observations and
  experimental results that previously seemed
  unrelated.
• Newton, Einstein, Darwin
• Gravity, Relativity, Natural Selection

52
Two examples of DNA technology
CNN bionic arm
53
10) Science, Technology Society

• Goal oriented applications of science.
• Ex. End world hunger- GMOs super crops.
• Ex. End reliance on burning fossil fuels- Nuclear
  Power Plants
• Sometimes present new problems.
• Ex. Farmers rights, food allergies, invasive
  species, loss of diversity.
• Ex. nuclear waste disposal, accidents
• Research feeds technology and vice versa.

Winter Reading The Immortal Life of Henrietta
Lacks Class Discussion Biotechnology PROS
vs. CONS
54
HOMEWORK

1. Review your notes answer the four outline
   questions.
2. Skip, Skim over, or read carefully chapter 2
   CHEMISTRY.
3. Mandatory Reading Cornell Notes/Flash Cards-
   Chapter 3.

55
7 SCIENCE PRACTICES

• The student can
• Use representations and models to communicate
  scientific phenomena and solve scientific
  problems.
• Use mathematics appropriately.
• Engage in scientific questioning to extend
  thinking or to guide investigations within the
  context of the AP Course.
• Plan and implement data collection strategies
  appropriate to a particular scientific question.

56
7 SCIENCE PRACTICES

• The student can
• Perform data analysis and evaluation of evidence.
• Work with scientific explanations and theories.
• Connect and relate knowledge across various
  scales, concepts and representations in and
  across domains.

57
Table 1.1 Review of Ten Unifying Themes in
Biology
58
Table 1.1 Review of Ten Unifying Themes in
Biology (continued)