WAR

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INTERACTIONS1939 - Present

• WAR
• DIPLOMACY

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LEAGUE OF NATIONS

• The League of Nations created to maintain world
  peace
• Forty-two members, twenty-six of them outside
  Europe
• Dominated by UK, France and used as force against
  Germany
• The league had no power to enforce its decisions
• League could only
• Make suggestions
• Impose sanctions
• Blockades
• Collective security depended on all major powers
• Powers Left Out
• United States never joined
• USSR ignored
• Germany not invited for some time
• The mandate system
• United States opposed direct colonization
• Allies proposed system of trusteeships
• France, United Kingdom benefited most
• Created from German colonies, Ottoman territories
  in S.W. Asia
• Idealistic Attempts

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LEAGUE OF NATIONS
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OLD AND NEW CAUSES OF WAR

• Japan
• Global conflict began with Japanese invasion of
  Manchuria, 1931
• League of Nations condemned action Japan simply
  withdrew from league
• 1937, Japan launched full-scale invasion of China
• 1937 War In China Resumed
• Nationalists and communists formed "united front"
  against Japanese
• Unable to effectively work together, they
  conducted guerilla attacks
• Japan, Germany, Italy ally 1940 neutrality pact
  with USSR, 1941
• Italy, Germany, and Russia
• Italy after the Great War
• Italians felt slighted at the Paris Peace
  Conference
• Mussolini promised national glory, empire
• Invaded Ethiopia (1935-1936), killed 250,000
  Ethiopians annexed Albania
• Germany deep resentment at Treaty of Versailles
• Harsh terms reparations, economic restrictions,
  depression helped Nazis
• Hitler blamed Jews, communists, liberals for
  losing war, Versailles Treaty
• After 1933, Hitler moved to ignore terms of peace
  settlement
• Withdrew from League, 1933 Rebuilt military, air
  force reinstated draft
• Militarized Rhineland, 1936 Austria, 1938
  France and Britain did nothing

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BROKEN TREATIES, WARS
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LEADERS
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WORLD WAR II AXIS 1939 - 1942

• Blitzkrieg Germany conquers Western Europe
  1939 1940
• Blitzkrieg lightening war of tank, air, mobility
• Battle of the Atlantic German subs against
  British convoys
• Battle of Britain British defeat German airforce
• The German invasion of the Soviet Union
• 1941 Germany conquers Balkans, invades USSR
• Blitzkrieg strategies less effective in Russia
• Hitler underestimated Soviet industrial capacity,
  
• Germans ill-prepared for war, stalled at
  Stalingrad
• U.S. support of the Allies before Pearl Harbor
• Roosevelt sold, "loaned" arms , war material to
  UK
• Later supplied the Soviets and the Chinese
• Japanese expansion
• Continued into southeast Asia Indochina,
  1940-1941
• USA responded by freezing Japanese assets, used
  oil embargo
• Demanded withdrawal from China and southeast Asia
  
• 7 December 1941
• US navy at Pearl Harbor attacked
• US declared war on Japan Germany, Italy declared
  war on USA

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WORLD WAR II 1942 - 1945

• Impact of Soviet Union and U.S. entry in 1941
• USSR brought vital personnel and USA industry to
  Allies
• Russia fielded 350 divisions against the German
  130
• Germany forced to fight a two front war
• German subs sank 2,452 ships, U.S. shipyards
  built more
• Allied victories came after 1943
• Russians defeated the Germans at Stalingrad,
  pushed them back
• 1944, British-U.S. troops invaded North Africa
  and then Italy
• June 1944, British-U.S. forces invaded northern
  France at Normandy
• Overwhelmed Germans on coast of Normandy, 6 June
  1944
• Round-the-clock strategic bombing by Allies
  leveled German cities
• Germans surrendered unconditionally 8 May 1945
  Hitler committed suicide
• Turning the tide in the Pacific
• The Battle of Midway, June 1942 United States
  broke Japanese code
• Island-hopping strategy moving to islands close
  to Japan for air attacks
• US launched unrestricted submarine warfare
  against Japanese empire
• British invade Japanese empire through Burma, SE
  Asia
• Chinese nationalists, communists tie down 2
  million Japanese troops
• Savage fighting on islands of Iwo Jima and
  Okinawa

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Total War

• Total War
• Mobilization of all society in order to win
• Civilians used to work in war industry
• Women used in non-combatant roles
• Minorities employed in many roles including
  combat
• Industry, science mobilized to support war
• Allies went on total war very early Axis delayed
  and it cost them the war
• Civilians and the War
• Combatants started to attack civilians
• Cities and civilian targets became fair game
• Guerillas
• Non-traditional combatants attack enemy behind
  the lines
• In Yugoslavia, Albania, Poland, France, Russia,
  China helped win the war
• Technology
• Scientists became an integral part of the war
• Rockets, jet fighters, radar, atomic bombs, super
  weapons
• Allies had a clear and early lead but Germany had
  its surprises

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GROWTHOF GDPDURINGWAR YEARS
Country 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945
Austria 24 27 27 29 27 28 29 12
France1 186 199 164 130 116 110 93 101
Germany 351 384 387 412 417 426 437 310
Italy2 141 151 147 144 145 137 117 92
Japan3 169 184 192 196 197 194 189 144
Soviet Union4 359 366 417 359 274 305 362 343
UK 284 287 316 344 353 361 346 331
USA5 800 869 943 1 094 1 235 1 399 1 499 1 474
Allied Total6 1 629 1 600 1 331 1 596 1 862 2 065 2 363 2 341
Axis Total7 685 746 845 911 902 895 826 466
Allied/Axis GDP8 2.38 2.15 1.58 1.75 2.06 2.31 2.86 5.02
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WORLD WAR II ALLIANCES
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HOME FRONTS

• Civilians
• Impossible in new war to separate front, rear
  areas
• All nations had to mobilize who population to
  survive
• US had it easiest but all other civilians
  suffered
• Occupation, collaboration, and resistance
• Patterns of occupation varied Germany, Japan
  were worst
• Both Japan, Germany exploited conquered states,
  peoples
• Slave labor conscripted from conquered
  populations to work in factories
• Labor conscripted from Poles, Soviets, Balkans,
  also Chinese and Koreans
• Many local people accepted, collaborated with
  occupying forces
• Japanese domination not much different from
  European domination
• Others aided conquerors to gain power in new
  administration
• Anticommunism led some in western Europe to join
  the Nazi SS troops
• Resistance to occupation took many forms
• Active resistance sabotage, assaults,
  assassination
• Passive resistance as well intelligence
  gathering, refusing to submit
• Resistance in Japan and Germany was dangerous and
  rare
• Occupation forces responded to resistance with
  atrocities
• Brutal reprisals to acts of resistance by both
  Germans and Japanese

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WOMEN, MINORITIES AND WAR

• Minorities
• The Germans utilized racially acceptable
  minorities in their army
• Russians, Chinese mobilized everyone
  irrespective of race, ethnicity
• Japanese enlisted other ethnic groups but
  mistreated their Korean soldiers
• The USA and the African Americans
• Given low, menial jobs segregated from white
  troops
• White officers commanded black units
• Only later in war allowed into combat
• Graduates of Tuskagee formed a famous fighter
  squadron
• The British and French
• Mobilized their empires and citizens for war
• British Indian Army, French colonial troops very
  active
• Women and the war
• "It's a Woman's War, Too!"
• Over half a million British, 350,000 American
  women joined auxiliary services
• Soviet and Chinese women took up arms and joined
  resistance groups
• Jewish women and girls suffered as much as men
  and boys
• Women's social roles changed dramatically
• By taking jobs or heading families, women gained
  independence and confidence

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GENOCIDES HOLOCAUST

• Types of Murder
• Genocide Killing of a specific group of people,
  attempt to wipe out
• Democide Mass murder of people by government
• Ethnic Cleansing Term common when one group
  attacks, kills another
• Armenian Holocaust
• First genocide of 20th century
• Turks killed 1.5 million Armenians for their
  support of Russians in World War I
• The Holocaust
• Long history of anti-Semitism
• Created tolerance of Nazi's anti-Jewish measures
• At first Nazis encouraged Jewish emigration
• Many Jews were unable to leave after Nazis took
  their wealth
• Nazi conquest of Europe brought more Jews under
  their control
• The "final solution"
• Began with slaughter of Jews, Gypsies,
  undesirables in Soviet Union
• By 1941, German special killing units had killed
  1.4 million Jews
• By 1942 Nazis evacuated all European Jews to
  camps in east Poland
• Jewish resistance
• Will to resist sapped by prolonged starvation,
  disease

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SETTLEMENTS COLD WAR

• The origins of the cold war (1947-1990)
• Unlikely alliance between Britain, USSR, USA held
  up for duration of war
• Not without tensions Soviet resented
  U.S.-British delays in European invasion
• Postwar settlement established at Yalta and
  Potsdam
• Each Allied power to occupy and control
  territories liberated by its armed forces
• Stalin agreed to support United States against
  Japan
• Stalin's plans prevailed Poland and east Europe
  became communist allies
• President Truman took hard line at Potsdam,
  widened differences
• Postwar territorial divisions reflected growing
  schism between USA, USSR
• Soviets took east Germany, while United States,
  Britain, and France took west Germany
• Berlin also divided four ways by 1950 division
  seemed permanent
• Churchill spoke of an "iron curtain" across
  Europe, separating east and west
• Similar division in Korea Soviets occupied north
  and United States the south
• Truman doctrine, 1947 USA would support "free
  peoples resisting subjugation"
• Perception of world divided between so-called
  free and enslaved peoples
• Interventionist policy, dedicated to
  "containment" of communism
• The Marshall Plan, 1948 U.S. aid for the
  recovery of Europe
• Idea to rebuild European economies and strengthen
  capitalism
• Soviet response Council for Mutual Economic
  Assistance (COMECON) for its satellites

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MAPPING THE END OF THE WAR
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COLD WAR BEGINS

• Postwar Europe
• Divided into competing political, military,
  economic blocs
• NATO, European Economic Communities Warsaw Pact,
  COMECON
• Neutral European Free Trade Association
  Yugoslavia
• Western Europe
• U.S. allies supported by permanent presence of
  American army
• Parliamentary governments, capitalist economies
• Eastern Europe
• Dominated by Soviet Union, Red Army, secret
  police
• Communist governments modeled after USSR dominate
  countries
• Germany divided east and west in 1949
• Soviets refused to withdraw from eastern Germany
  after World War II
• Allied sectors reunited 1947-1948, Berlin
  remained divided as well
• Berlin blockade and airlift, 1948-1949
• The Berlin Wall, 1961
• In Asia
• Turkey, Greece, Iran pressured by USSR, allies
  US responds with Truman Doctrine
• Communist Chinese armed by USSR, drive
  Nationalists out of China by 1949
• Korea divided into Communist North, Pro-Western
  South North invades South in 1950

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

• Post-1945
• Era of international cooperation
• Many global problems cannot be solved by national
  governments
• Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
• Red Cross, an international humanitarian agency,
  founded 1964
• Greenpeace, an environmental organization,
  founded in 1970
• Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch
• The United Nations
• Founded 1945 "to maintain international peace and
  security"
• Security Council
• Permanent Veto Nations UK, US, France, Russia,
  China
• Not successful at preventing wars, for example,
  Iran-Iraq war
• Often can diffuse tense situations
• General Assembly
• Each nation has one vote poor, 3rd world nations
  dominate
• Cannot legislate, but has influence in
  international community
• Often used as a sounding board for world
  concerns, ignored by West
• ECOSOC, UN Commission of Refugees, WHO
• More successful in health and educational goals

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UNITED NATIONS, 1945
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STATE STRUCTURES 1937
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STATE STRUCTURES 1947
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STATE STRUCTURES 1957
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SOUTH ASIA AFTER 1945

• Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948)
• Political and spiritual leader, called the
  Mahatma ("Great Soul")
• Opposed to caste system, especially the exclusion
  of untouchables
• 1920-1922, led Non-Cooperation Movement
• 1930, Civil Disobedience Movement
• The India Act of 1937
• Repression failed, so the British offered
  modified self-rule through the India Act
• Unsuccessful because India's six hundred princes
  refused to support Muslims want independent
  state
• Muslims would not cooperate, wanted an
  independent state
• During World War II
• Many Indians sympathetic with Japan, Gandhi
  pursued peaceful non-cooperation
• British were very concerned about Indian
  disloyalty which really never surfaced
• Indian self-rule
• British finally willing to consider independence
  after WWII
• Muslim separatism grew feared domination by
  Hindus
• Partition of India and ensuing violence
• Independent India, 1947, divided into Muslim
  Pakistan and Hindu India
• Ten million refugees moved either to India or
  Pakistan one million died in migration
• Gandhi assassinated by a Hindu extremist, 30
  January 1948

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SOUTHWEST ASIA SINCE 1945

• Arab states gained independence during, after
  World War II
• British suppress Iraqi nationalist uprising in
  1941 expel Vichy French from Syria
• British, US force French to grant Lebanon, Syria
  independence in 1943
• Creation of Israel
• Unable to resolve conflict, Britain turned
  Palestine question over to UN, 1947
• UN proposed dividing into two states, Palestine
  and Israel Arabs opposed
• 1947, British withdrew, civil war broke out, Jews
  proclaimed the state of Israel
• Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq declared war on
  Israel
• Israel achieved victory in 1949 claimed
  territories larger than what was granted by UN
• Egypt
• Military leaders under Gamal A. Nasser seized
  power in 1952
• Nasser became prime minister, a leader of
  pan-Arab nationalism
• Egypt neutral in cold war, accepted aid from both
  powers
• Nasser dedicated to ending imperialism,
  destroying state of Israel
• Suez crisis, 1956, greatly enhanced Nasser's
  prestige
• Canal owned by UK Nasser nationalized it
• British, French, and Israeli forces attack to
  retake canal
• US, USSR condemned military action, forced them
  to withdraw
• Suez crisis divided United States and its allies
  in western Europe

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AFRICA AFTER 1945

• Black African nationalism and independence
• Growth of African nationalism
• Began as grassroots protest against European
  imperialism
• African nationalism celebrated Negritude
  (blackness), African roots
• Obstacles to African independence
• White settlers opposed black independence
• Anticommunist fears justified interference in
  African politics
• Economic and political instability often hampered
  postindependent Africa
• South Africa
• Transformation of South Africa
• Gained independence in 1901, but denied civil
  rights to black population
• South African economy strong, both mining and
  industry prospered during WWII
• Black workers demanded political change
• 1948 Afrikaner National Party wins control of
  South African government
• Apartheid
• Harsh legal system imposed in 1948, designed to
  keep races separate
• 87 peercent of South African land was for white
  residents, others classified by race
• African National Congress led by Mandela,
  launched campaign to protest apartheid
• Severe government repression provoked
  international opposition after 1960

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DECOLONIZATION OF AFRICA

• Forcing the French out of north Africa
• France in Africa
• 1950s and 1960s, French granted independence to
  all its African colonies except Algeria
• Algerian Revolt of May 1954 repressed by French
  eight thousand Algerian Muslims died
• War in Algeria, 1954-1962
• Algerian nationalists pursued guerrilla warfare
  against French rule
• By 1958, a half-million French soldiers were
  committed to the conflict
• Freedom and conflict in sub-Sahara Africa
• Ghana (Gold Coast) first to gain independence,
  1957
• Kwame Nkrumah, nationalist leader, jailed and
  censored for political actions
• Eventually released, Nkrumah became Ghana's first
  president, 1957
• Anticolonial rebellion in Kenya
• Violent clashes between native Kikuyu (Mau Mau)
  and European settlers after 1947
• 1930s and 1940s, Kikuyu pushed off farm lands,
  reduced to wage slaves
• Labeling Mau Mau as communist subversives,
  Britain gained U.S. support
• Kikuyu uprising crushed by superior arms in 1955
  twelve thousand Africans killed

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DECOLONIZATION