Chapter 16 Notes

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Chapter 16 Notes
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States of Matter

• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases
• Plasma

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Solids

• Particles are closely packed
• Most solids have a specific geometric arrangement
• Have a definite shape
• Have a definite volume

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Liquids

• Particles move more freely than solids
• More kinetic energy than solids
• Take the shape of their
• container
• Have a definite volume

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Gases

• Have a lot of kinetic energy
• No definite shape
• No definite volume

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Plasma

• Most of the matter in the universe is in the
  plasma state.
• Plasma is a gas consisting of positively and
  negatively charged particles.
• Stars, lightning, fluorescent tubes consist
  of plasma

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Section 2 Properties of Fluids

• Buoyancy
• The ability of a fluid liquid or gas to exert
  an upward force on an object immersed in it.

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Buoyancy

• If the buoyant force is equal to the objects
  weight, the object will float.
• If the buoyant force is less than the objects
  weight, it will sink.

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Archimedes Principal

• A buoyant force on an object is equal to the
  weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

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A Little History...
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The Greek Mathematician and inventor Archimedes
lived during the 3rd century BC. According to
history he was in the bath one day when he
discovered the principle of buoyancy which is the
reason why huge Greek ships weighing thousands of
pounds could float on water.
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He noticed that as he lowered himself into the
bath, the water displaced by his body overflowed
the sides and he realized that there was a
relationship between his weight and the volume of
water displaced. It is said that he ran naked
into the street yelling "heurEka" which is where
we get our word  "eureka!" (I found it), Greek
heurEka I have found, from heuriskein to find.
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Pascals Principle

• The pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted
  throughout the fluid.
• Example Hydraulic Lifts

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Pascal's Principle in Action...
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Bernoullis Principle

• As the velocity of a fluid increases,
• the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases.
• The speed of air over a curved wing moves faster
  than below the wing. The air has a longer
  distance, so it must travel faster.

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Section 16.3
Behavior of Gases
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Boyles Law

• If the pressure of a gas is decreased, the volume
  will increase.

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Charless Law

• As temperature of a gas increases, volume
  increases.