9th Grade Social Studies

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Psychology Notes

• 9th Grade Social Studies
• Mrs. Anderson

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Outline for Notes

• Definition of psychology
• Definition of psychologist
• Subfields in psychology
• Things psychologists do
• Well-known psychologists
• Categories related to psychology
• Your own definition of psychology

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I. Definition of Psychology

• Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior.
  
• Psychology is a science based on a large body of
  social science and behavioral science research
  and which is expanding its boundaries to overlap
  with neuroscience and health science.
• http//www.psychologymatters.org/psycdefinition.ht
  ml

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II. Definition of Psychologist

• Psychologists study two critical relationships
  one between brain function and behavior, and one
  between the environment and behavior.
• As scientists, psychologists follow scientific
  methods, using careful observation
  experimentation and analysis to learn more about
  the world in which we live and its inhabitants.
• http//www.psychologymatters.org/psycdefinition.ht
  ml

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III. Subfields in Psychology

• Clinical Psychologists
• Cognitive and perceptual psychologists
• Counseling psychologists
• Developmental psychologists
• Educational psychologists
• Engineering psychologists
• Evolutionary psychologists
• Experimental psychologists
• Forensic psychologists

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Cont

• Health psychologists
• Industrial/organizational psychologists
• Neuropsychologists
• Quantitative and measurement psychologists
• Rehabilitation psychologists
• School psychologists
• Sports psychologists

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IV. What do psychologists do?

• Conduct research
• Study social development
• Help people learn
• Promote physical and mental health
• Study and contribute to the work environment

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V. Well-known Psychologists

• A. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) U.S.
• Skinner is best known for his experiments that
  lead to the theory of operant conditioning.
  Operant conditioning has to do with how we learn
  to behave through rewards and punishments for
  certain behaviors. Operant conditioning explains
  that we make a connection between a behavior and
  a consequence for that behavior.

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Cont

• B. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Austria
• Freud is known for a lot of dealing with
  psychology. To name a few dream analysis,
  defense mechanisms, personality (id, ego and
  superego), psychosexual development and
  psychoanalysis.
• The id is known as your pleasure principle it
  strives for immediate gratification of your
  desires, needs and wants present at birth.
• The ego is your reality principle it develops
  from your id its main job is to monitor the
  impulses of your id and make sure that they are
  expressed in a socially acceptable and
  appropriate manner.
• The superego is last to develop develops around
  age 5 our sense of right and wrong made up of
  two parts, the ego ideal and the conscience.

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Cont

• C. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Switzerland
• Piaget is best known for his findings about the
  stages of cognitive development that children go
  through. He said there were four stages
• Sensorimotor Birth to 2 years old
• Preoperational Ages 2 to 6 development of
  language
• Concrete operational Ages 7 to 11 start gaining
  an understanding of mental operations
• Formal operation Ages 12 to adulthood
  development of abstract reasoning

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Cont

• D. Erik Erikson (1902-1994) Germany
• Erikson is best known for his theory about
  psychosocial development. According to Erikson
  there are 8 different stages that we go through
  as we develop through social interaction. They
  are
• Stage 1 Trust v. Mistrust
• Stage 2 Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
• Stage 3 Initiative v. Guilt
• Stage 4 Industry v. Inferiority
• Stage 5 Identity v. Confusion
• Stage 6 Intimacy v. Isolation
• Stage 7 Generativity v. Stagnation
• Stage 8 Integrity v. Despair

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Cont

• E. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Russia
• Pavlov is best known for his experiments that
  lead to his theory about classical conditioning.
  In classical conditioning, Pavlov took a
  conditioned stimulus that was a neutral stimulus
  and paired it with an unconditioned stimulus so
  that eventually he would get a conditioned
  response from the conditioned stimulus alone
  without the unconditioned stimulus.
• This is used to either increase or decrease a
  particular behavior

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Cont

• F. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) U.S.
• Maslow is best known for his hierarcy of needs.
  He said that there were five different levels to
  a humans need
• 1 Physiological needs basic needs for
  survival
• 2 Security needs needs for safety and
  security
• 3 Social needs needs for belonging, love and
  affection
• 4 Esteem needs needs for things that reflect
  personal worth, social recognition,
  accomplishment
• 5 Self-actualizing needs level of
  self-awareness concerned about personal growth
  and less concerned about the opinions of others

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VI. Categories Related to Psychology

• A. Phobias an intense, almost paralyzing fear
  centering on a specific situation or object. It
  can seem irrational.
• B. Emotions mental states that happen because
  our nervous system is responding to external or
  internal stimuli
• C. Mental health disorders when a persons
  mental states are having an adverse affect on
  them

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Cont

• D. Problem solving ability to look at a problem
  and take a positive approach to solving it
• E. Environment v. heredity both of these
  factors affect who we are environment is the
  people, places and things that we are surrounded
  by heredity is certain traits that were passed
  on to us from our parents (nature v. nurture)
• F. Personality it is a combination of
  characteristics (behavioral, emotional, mental
  and temperamental) that make an individual unique

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Cont

• G. Perception Learning perception is how we
  perceive things learning is a cognitive process
  by which we gain knowledge
• H. Creativity the ability to use your
  imagination to come up with new ideas, solutions
  and/or images

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Relationship to Psychology

• All of the categories previously mentioned are
  related to psychology because they have to do
  with our mental capabilities and how that can
  affect our mental health and behaviors which is
  exactly what psychology is about (the study of
  the mind and behavior)

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VII. Your Own Definition of Psychology

• ??