Twentieth%20Century%20Technology

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The Rise of Western Science

• Twentieth Century Technology

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Science in China

• China slow to adopt Western sciences
• First industry and military sciences
• Medicine one of the last sciences to be adopted
  in China
• America invested Boxer Rebellion indemnity in
  Chinese education
• Chinese students began studying at American
  universities
• Rebellion of 1911 brought a republican government
  to power in China under Sun Yat-sen
• Led to increased interest in Western ideas

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Science in India

• British colonial governors like Lord Curzon
  believed it was the duty of the British to bring
  law, religion, literature, and science to the
  British colonies
• British rule in India brought Western science to
  forefront of Indian thinking
• Colonial government invested heavily in
  scientific education
• By 1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata, an Indian
  intellectual became first non-Westerner to
  receive the Nobel Prize in physics

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Science and Islam

• Ottoman Empire does not fully embrace Western
  science until the Young Turks take power in
  1908
• Pace of scientific adoption radically increases
  after WWI when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk begins
  building a secular republic
• Fundamentalist Islam hostile to Western science
• Not until after WWII will the Arab world fully
  incorporate Western science into its education
  and cultural institutions
• Western medicine was the most successful
  harbinger of science in the Middle East and Africa

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New Technologies at the Turn of the Century

• 1901 Wireless Radio broadcast by Guglielmo
  Marconi
• 1903 Wright Brothers successfully fly first
  airplane
• 1907 Plastics are invented
• 1911 Combine harvester invented
• Atom smasher, skyscraper, hamburger, and
  Coca-Cola all invented prior to WWI

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Physics

• 1902 Henri Poncaire postulated the doctrine of
  scientific skepticism evidence can be explained
  by numerous hypotheses
• 1905 Albert Einstein posits first theory of
  relativity
• Mass and time relative to speed
• Speed of light only constant in the universe
• Matter and energy are interchangeable
• 1911 Ernest Rutherford develops first theories of
  quantum mechanics
• Subatomic particles
• Atomic structures

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Physics continued

• 1929 Edward Hubble discovered the red shift and
  the expanding universe
• Leads to development of big bang theory
• Embraced by both religious (Pope John XXIII) and
  secular communities
• 1980s Chaos theory challenged the basic
  assumption that science can be used to make
  predications
• butterfly effect
• Chain of cause and effect too complex for human
  perspective
• Physics continues to search for the Grand
  Unified Theory of Everything

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Biology

• Major medical advances
• 1922 Insulin isolated for diabetes treatment
• 1931 Penicillin, the first antibiotic invented
• Evolutionary controversy
• 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial
• Conflict between fundamentalist Christianity and
  evolutionary scientists
• Development of the science of Genetics
• 1944 Erwin Schrodinger predicted DNA chains
• Controversy over genetic screening and designer
  babies
• Human cloning controversy
• Developments of neuroscience increased
  understanding of the human brain
• Cognitive research
• Artificial intelligence

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Biology continued

• Primatology
• Close study of monkeys and apes revealed cultural
  features
• Jane Goodall and Diane Fossey
• Sparked inquiry into premise of human moral
  superiority
• Challenged idea of human rights
• Brought out animal rights movement
• Paleoanthropology
• Discovered that more primitive species like
  Neathderthals had cultural markers previously
  thought only belonging to Homo Sapiens
• Raised questions of what precisely a human is

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Anthropology

• 19th Century anthropologists believed white
  Europeans to be biologically superior to other
  races
• 1910 Franz Boas demonstrated that no difference
  in biological intelligence existed between races
• Cultural tradition, not biology dictated
  differences
• Society and environment explain dominance
• Cultural Relativismidea that cultures cannot be
  ranked or judged by outside terms
• 20th Century anthropology spells the end of the
  civilizing mission for colonial acquisitions
• Margaret Mead and Coming of Age in Samoa

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Psychology

• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) founded modern
  psychology
• Posited the theory of subconscious motivations
• Developed psychoanalysis
• Attempt to achieve awareness of subconscious
• Id, ego, and superego
• Oedipal Complexes
• Psychology came to influence all parts of Western
  society from medicine to education to child
  rearing

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Philosophy in the Early 1900s

• William James popularized Pragmatism in 1907
• Truth is relative
• Whatever is useful is good
• Positivism dominated philosophy in 1920s-30s
• Perception reality
• Reason can prove that our sense show truth
• Existentialism became popular post-WWII
• Only truth is from birth to death
• Jean Paul Sartres views came to dominate Western
  thinking
• An individual action is a statement about the
  type of species an individual wants to belong to
• People must create their own identities
• Never popular beyond the Western world

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Art in the Early 20th Century

• Art mirrored the world of science
• Modernism dominated art at the beginning of the
  20th Century
• Belief that the new was superior to the old
• In 1907 Cubism became popular
• Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
• Reflected in fragmentary and shivered angles the
  disorder that atomic theory suggested
• In 1909 Emilio Marinetti developed Futurism
• The traditional needed to be abandoned or
  destroyed
• Gloried in war, power, chaos, destruction,
  machines
• Function of progress is to destroy the past

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Guernica by Picasso
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Futurismo by Marinetti
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Art continued

• Dadaism rose to prominence after WWI
• Disillusioned, brutal, ugly, and meaningless
• Marcel Duchamp, Kurt Schwitters, Max Ernst
• Surrealism succeeded the Dada movement in the
  late 1920s and early 1930s
• Attempted to replicate the subconscious mind
  through fantastic imagery
• Salvador Dali, Meret Oppenheim
• After the 1930s art splintered in many directions
  as technology, taste, and consumerism began to
  drive artistic movements at an ever increasing
  pace

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The Fountain by Marcel Duchamp
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The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali
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Consumer Art

• Cinema and mass entertainment became dominant art
  post WWII
• Walt Disney (1901-1966) possibly the worlds most
  influential artist
• Musical theater displaced opera
• Pop music ousted classical music
• Television advertising became most profitable art
• Escapism rather than philosophical, social, or
  political message dominated the end of the 20th
  century
• Fantasy literature became popular in reaction to
  a century dominated by science

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Walt Disney
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The West Turns to the East

• Revival of Eastern Wisdom in the West at the
  end of the 20th century
• Western scientists began to reconcile Eastern
  philosophy with modern science
• Cyclic nature of time and space
• Oppenheimers Now I am become Death, the
  Destroyer of Worlds quotation from Baghavad Gita
• Recognition of the Chinese roots of Western
  learning
• Zen Buddhism, Daoism, and Hindi culture appealed
  to reactionary elements in the West
• Eastern medicine begins to influence the West
• Traditional herbalism
• Acupuncture