AP World History Review

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Title: AP World History Review

1
AP World History Review

1450-1750

During the post-classical period, societies in
the Americas
A) remained entirely separate from those of the
Old World.
B) experienced the initial contacts that led
eventually to European invasion of the New World.
C) failed to develop imperial forms of
governmenta failure that mirrored European
society.
D) were united under a single government.
E) abandoned Central America and migrated north.

3
And the answer is

A) remained entirely separate from those of the
Old World.

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic
of American civilizations during the post-classic
period?
A) large cities based on elaborate political and
economic organization
B) elaborate cultural systems
C) monotheism
D) highly developed agriculture
E) diverse civilizations

5
And the answer is

C) monotheism

The northern nomadic peoples who entered central
Mexico following the decline of Teotihuacán were
the
A) Aztecs.
B) Incas.
C) Olmecs.
D) Toltecs.
E) Maya.

7
And the answer is

D) Toltecs

The Toltec capital was established at
A) Teotihuacán.
B) Tula.
C) Tenochtitlán.
D) Twantinsuyu.
E) Tlotelolco.

9
And the answer is

B) Tula.

What was the relationship between the Toltecs and
their predecessors in central Mexico?
A) The former residents of central Mexico were
wiped out during the Toltec invasions.
B) The entry of the Toltecs into central Mexico
marks an abrupt break in the cultural development
of the region.
C) The Toltecs adopted the animistic religion of
their predecessors, but failed to develop cities
or ceremonial centers.
D) The Toltecs adopted many cultural features
from their predecessors to which they added a
strongly military ethic and human sacrifice.
E) The Toltec rejected all vestiges of previous
societies.

11
And the answer is

D) The Toltecs adopted many cultural features
from their predecessors to which they added a
strongly military ethic and human sacrifice.

How did the Aztecs view the cultural achievements
of the Toltecs?
A) as barbarians who lacked culture
B) as slaves, fit only for conquest
C) as the givers of their cultural heritage
D) as heretics, who practiced a forbidden
religion
E) the Toltec culture was unknown to the Aztecs

13
And the answer is

C) as the givers of their cultural heritage

The Toltec empire lasted until about what date?
A) 1000
B) 1150
C) 1236
D) 1434
E) 1521

15
And the answer is

B) 1150

After the sack of Tula, the center of population
and political power in Mexico shifted to
A) Yucatan.
B) the valley of Mexico and the shores of a chain
of lakes in that basin.
C) Teotihuacán.
D) Chimor.
E) the southern Pacific coast.

17
And the answer is

B) the valley of Mexico and the shores of a chain
of lakes in that basin.

The people who succeeded the Toltecs as the
rulers of central Mexico were the
A) Olmecs.
B) Maya.
C) Incas.
D) Aztecs.
E) Quechua.

19
And the answer is

D) Aztecs.

Around what year did the Aztecs migrate to the
central valley of Mexico?
A) 1000
B) 1150
C) 1325
D) 1434
E) 932

21
And the answer is

C) 1325

In the period shortly after the arrival of the
Aztecs in the valley of Mexico, what was the
nature of the political organization of the
region?
A) imperial
B) regional kingdoms
C) city-states
D) hunting and gathering groups
E) a large confederation

23
And the answer is

C) city-states

Which of the following was NOT one of the cities
challenging for dominance at the time of the
Aztec arrival in the valley of Mexico?
A) Teotihuacán
B) Azcapotzalco
C) Culhuacan
D) Texcoco
E) Tlacopan

25
And the answer is

A) Teotihuacán

What city did the Aztecs establish ca. 1325 on a
marshy island in Lake Texcoco?
A) Teotihuacán
B) Culhuacan
C) Texcoco
D) Tenochtitlán
E) Chinampa

27
And the answer is

D) Tenochtitlán

In what year did Tenochtitlán emerge as the
dominant force in the central plateau that it
controlled along with Texcoco and Tlacopan?
A) 1100
B) 1234
C) 1325
D) 1434
E) 1400

29
And the answer is

D) 1434

Which of the following did NOT occur as a result
of the Aztec rise to power?
A) the increasing dominance of the nobility
B) the emergence of a ruler with supreme powers
C) the abandonment of human sacrifice
D) the subsequent expansion of power and the
boundaries of Aztec control
E) a highly urbanized society

31
And the answer is

C) the abandonment of human sacrifice

What was the impact of expansion and conquest on
the Aztec social system?
A) From a loose association of clans, Aztec
society became a stratified society.
B) Conquest opened up Aztec society to incursions
by the indigenous peoples who began to form a
trained bureaucracy.
C) Aztec society was transformed in the sense
that the Mexica adopted the social patterns of
the Maya.
D) Despite the stress of warfare and invasion,
the Aztec society remained remarkably unchanged
by the process.
E) Aztec social institutions became more
inclusive.

33
And the answer is

A) From a loose association of clans, Aztec
society became a stratified society.

The Aztec prime minister responsible for the
expansion of human sacrifice and the rewriting of
previous histories was
A) Ahuitzotl.
B) Moctezuma II.
C) Dacaelel.
D) Quetzalcoatl.
E) Xipe Totec.

35
And the answer is

C) Dacaelel

Which of the following statements concerning
Aztec religion is most accurate?
A) Shortly after establishing their empire, the
Aztecs abandoned all gods other than their
patron, Huitzilopochtli.
B) Aztec deities were normally associated only
with male forms.
C) Aztec deities were numerous and had different
forms or manifestations somewhat like the avatars
of the Hindu deities.
D) There was little or no animism in the
religious world of the Aztecs.
E) Tonatiuh and Tezcatlipoca became the paramount
gods.

37
And the answer is

C) Aztec deities were numerous and had different
forms or manifestations somewhat like the avatars
of the Hindu deities.

Which of the following was NOT one of the major
themes or cults of Aztec religion?
A) gods of fertility
B) creator deities
C) gods of warfare and sacrifice
D) deities devoted to contemplation and salvation
E) the agricultural cycle

39
And the answer is

D) deities devoted to contemplation and salvation

The central figure of the cult of human sacrifice
and the most sacred deity of the Aztecs was
A) Quetzalcoatl.
B) Tlaloc.
C) Tonatiuh.
D) Huitzilopochtli
E) Chaco

41
And the answer is

D) Huitzilopochtli

What was the Aztec view of history?
A) They believed in a linear view of history
dedicated to the premise of Aztec superiority for
eternity.
B) Like other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs
believed in a cyclical pattern of repetitive
destructions of the world.
C) Unlike other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs
rejected the cyclical view of history for a more
modern historical view based on the history of
their empire.
D) Because they lacked a calendar system, the
Aztecs had no formal historical viewpoint.
E) They believed in a linear history ending with
their total destruction.

43
And the answer is

B) Like other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs
believed in a cyclical pattern of repetitive
destructions of the world.

Which of the following statements concerning the
Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán is NOT accurate?
A) It was built on an island in the middle of a
lake.
B) By 1519 it probably had a population of about
150,000.
C) Despite the existence of thousands of houses
and other varieties of domestic architecture,
unlike other Mesoamerican cities it lacked a
temple complex.
D) The city was divided into more than 60 wards
controlled by kinship groups.
E) It was larger than Paris or Seville.

45
And the answer is

C) Despite the existence of thousands of houses
and other varieties of domestic architecture,
unlike other Mesoamerican cities it lacked a
temple complex.

The Aztec innovation in intensive agriculture in
the aquatic environments of the lakes of central
Mexico was the development of
A) chinampas.
B) pipiltin.
C) quipus.
D) calpulli.
E) Pochteca.

47
And the answer is

A) chinampas.

What was the nature of the Aztec economy?
A) The Aztecs failed to develop a merchant class,
so all distribution of goods was carried out by
the state.
B) The Aztecs developed a free market economy in
which all trade was in the hands of specialized
merchants.
C) The Aztec state redistributed many goods
received as tribute, but there was a specialized
merchant class that also handled long-distance
trade in rare commodities.
D) There was little trade within Aztec society,
as almost all communities were self-sufficient.
E) The Aztec traded the entire length of the
inhabited Pacific coast.

49
And the answer is

C) The Aztec state redistributed many goods
received as tribute, but there was a specialized
merchant class that also handled long-distance
trade in rare commodities.

One of the most permanent features of Aztec
society was its organization into clans or
A) chinampas.
B) pipiltin.
C) quipus.
D) calpulli.
E) pok-ta-pok.

51
And the answer is

D) calpulli.

) Which of the following was NOT a function of
the Aztec kinship groups?
A) assignment of people to cult groups
B) distributing land to household heads
C) organizing labor units for state service
D) organizing military units for warfare
E) maintaining temples and schools

53
And the answer is

A) assignment of people to cult groups

Closely identified with the cult of sacrifice and
the military, the Aztec social hierarchy
developed a nobility referred to as the
A) chinampas.
B) pipiltin.
C) quipus.
D) calpulli.
E) pochteca.

55
And the answer is

B) pipiltin

Which of the following is NOT true of the Aztec
view of marriage and the family?
A) virginity at marriage was highly regarded for
young women
B) polygamy was common throughout society
C) marriages were often arranged between lineages
D) young girls were often trained by the older
women of the calpulli
E) mayeques rarely married into noble families

57
And the answer is

B) polygamy was common throughout society

While the position of Aztec women in many ways
paralleled that of women in other civilizations
at a similar stage of development, what was the
significant difference between the life of women
in Mesoamerica and in the Mediterranean world?
A) Women in Mesoamerica participated fully in the
military.
B) There was no polygamy practiced in
Mesoamerica.
C) Aztec women were unable to inherit or to pass
property on to heirs.
D) The limited technology of Mesoamerica confined
women to many more hours grinding grain for food.
E) Peasant women were more highly educated in
Mesoamerica.

59
And the answer is

D) The limited technology of Mesoamerica confined
women to many more hours grinding grain for food.

What was the nature of the Aztec administration
of subject territories?
A) The Aztecs placed members of the Aztec
nobility as rulers over subject peoples.
B) All territories conquered by the Aztecs became
part of a singular administration run by a
trained bureaucracy located in Tenochtitlánmuch
like the Byzantine Empire.
C) Conquered territories were often left
relatively unchanged under their old rulers as
long as they recognized Aztec supremacy and paid
tribute.
D) The Aztecs established a military
administration with subject territories
controlled by regional generals.
E) Aztecs rarely collected tribute from subject
territories.

61
And the answer is

C) Conquered territories were often left
relatively unchanged under their old rulers as
long as they recognized Aztec supremacy and paid
tribute.

The image of the Inca empire as a carefully
organized system in which every community
collectively contributed to the whole and the
state regulated the distribution of resources on
the basis of need is referred to as
A) Inca despotism.
B) Indian utilitarianism.
C) Inca socialism.
D) utopian positivism.
E) Mesoamerican capitalism.

63
And the answer is

C) Inca socialism.

Which of the following views of the Aztec
practice of human sacrifice can be associated
with Marvin Harriss interpretation of the
cannibal kingdom?
A) The incidence of human sacrifice was grossly
exaggerated by the Spanish for political
purposes.
B) It was an essentially religious act central to
their belief that humans must sacrifice that
which was most precious to them in order to
receive the sun, rain, and other blessings.
C) It was the intentional manipulation of a
traditional practice to terrorize their neighbors
and to keep the lower classes subordinate.
D) It was a response to the lack of available
protein in the form of large mammals.
E) It was immoral and unnecessary.

65
And the answer is

D) It was a response to the lack of available
protein in the form of large mammals.

What was the primary difference in the political
situation between the Mesoamerican and Andean
zones following the breakup of the classical
states?
A) In Mesoamerica there was no real political
decline as new peoples simply took over the
institutions of their predecessors.
B) In the Andean zones a number of relatively
large states continued to be important, rather
than the breakdown of power that was typical of
Mesoamerica.
C) The Andean political experience lacked the
militaristic overtones that accompanied the
breakdown of power in Mesoamerica.
D) The transition of power that took place in the
Andean zone was accomplished by invasion from
outside the region.
E) The Andean region was more compact and
therefore quickly reunited.

67
And the answer is

B) In the Andean zones a number of relatively
large states continued to be important, rather
than the breakdown of power that was typical of
Mesoamerica.

The most powerful of the Andean states between
900 and 1465 following the decline of Tihuanaco
and Huari was
A) Chimor.
B) Titicaca.
C) Topac Yupanqui.
D) Chichen Itza.
E) Chavin.

69
And the answer is

A) Chimor.

The capital of the Inca empire was
A) Cuzco.
B) Chan Chan.
C) Tihuanaco.
D) Chichen Itza.
E) Cajamarca.

71
And the answer is

A) Cuzco.

The Inca ruler associated with the first creation
of the Inca empire in 1438 was
A) Topac Yupanqui.
B) Ahuitzotl.
C) Pachacuti.
D) Moctezuma II.
E) Viracocha.

73
And the answer is

C) Pachacuti.

What do the authors suggest was the principal
reason for Inca conquest and expansion?
A) their need for human sacrificial victims
B) the practice of split inheritance
C) the absence of irrigation systems within the
Inca empire
D) the existence of long-distance trade merchants
within the imperial administration
E) the cult of the sun

75
And the answer is

B) the practice of split inheritance

What was the Inca practice of split inheritance?
A) On the death of the previous ruler, the throne
passed to two descendants from the rulers
family.
B) On the death of the previous ruler, the
familys wealth was equally divided between all
male heirs.
C) On the death of the previous ruler, the
inheritance passed through the family of the
senior wife to her oldest brother.
D) All political power and titles went to the
rulers successor, but his wealth was kept in the
hands of the male descendants to support the cult
of the dead Incas mummy.
E) All power and wealth was inherited by the
eldest son.

77
And the answer is

D) All political power and titles went to the
rulers successor, but his wealth was kept in the
hands of the male descendants to support the cult
of the dead Incas mummy.

) The religious practice most closely associated
with the state and the person of the Inca in
Andean civilization was the cult of
A) human sacrifice.
B) the rain god.
C) the sun.
D) Quetzalcoatl.
E) Twantinsuyu.

79
And the answer is

C) the sun.

Which of the following was utilized in the Inca
empire, but NOT by the Aztecs?
A) a semi-divine emperor
B) extensive use of colonization
C) use of local rulers in exchange for
recognition of sovereignty
D) identification of the nobility with the
administrative and military functions of the
state
E) elaborate road systems

81
And the answer is

B) extensive use of colonization

Which of the following existed in the Aztec
empire, but NOT in the Inca empire?
A) a tribute system
B) redistribution of tribute by the state
C) extraction of labor for use on temple projects
D) an extensive merchant class
E) recognition of local groups and leaders.

83
And the answer is

D) an extensive merchant class

What was the Andean principle of inheritance?
A) matrilineal, inheritance passing in the female
line
B) patrilineal, inheritance passing in the male
line
C) parallel descent, or inheritance passing in
both the male and female lines
D) everything passing to the monarch
E) extended family split inheritances evenly

85
And the answer is

C) parallel descent, or inheritance passing in
both the male and female lines

Tambos were
A) labor turns exacted by the Inca authorities.
B) knotted strings used for record keeping.
C) local rulers.
D) way stations along roads in the Inca empire.
E) mountain passes.

87
And the answer is

D) way stations along roads in the Inca empire.

The Inca nobility were
A) drawn from 10 royal ayllus and the city of
Cuzco.
B) drawn from the noble ayllus of the conquered
population.
C) not distinguished from the commoners by
appearance or dress.
D) often commoners who distinguished themselves
in battle.
E) equal in status to the yanas.

89
And the answer is

A) drawn from 10 royal ayllus and the city of
Cuzco.

Which of the following represents a cultural
difference between the Incas and Aztecs?
A) monumental architecture
B) no practical use of the wheel
C) lack of a writing system
D) beautiful pottery and cloth
E) relative isolation

91
And the answer is

C) lack of a writing system

In terms of the integration of a centralized
empire, how did the Incas and Aztecs compare?
A) The Aztecs and Incas both made little attempt
to integrate conquered territories and permitted
self-rule in return for loyalty and tribute.
B) The Aztecs were more advanced than the Incas
in consolidating their government into an
integrated unit.
C) The Incas attempted to create an over-arching
political state and made conscious attempts to
integrate their empire as a unit, while the
Aztecs did less in this regard.
D) Both the Incas and the Aztecs created fully
integrated empires complete with central
bureaucracies and military administrative units
that controlled all conquered regions.
E) To create the empire both allowed little
variation from region to region

93
And the answer is

C) The Incas attempted to create an over-arching
political state and made conscious attempts to
integrate their empire as a unit, while the
Aztecs did less in this regard.

Which of the following represents a significant
difference between the Andean and Mesoamerican
civilizations?
A) climate and geography
B) kin-based social groups
C) sedentary agricultural systems
D) the existence of a nobility
E) tribute systems

95
And the answer is

A) climate and geography

) Which of the following statements about the
population of the Americas is most true?
A) The population of the Americas is easy to
calculate.
B) North America was more densely populated than
Mesoamerica or the Andes.
C) The population of the Americas was nearly the
same as that of contemporary Europe (not
including Russia).
D) The early twentieth-century estimate of 8.4
million still seems the most accurate.
E) most estimates are approximately the same

97
And the answer is

C) The population of the Americas was nearly the
same as that of contemporary Europe (not
including Russia).

By 1800, agriculture was
A) largely diffused throughout the Americas,
although not always in sedentary agricultural
communities.
B) virtually unknown outside of the Andean and
Mesoamerican civilization zones.
C) practiced in sedentary communities throughout
the Americas.
D) practiced in sedentary communities and by
nomadic pastoralists throughout the Americas.
E) practiced sparingly outside Mesoamerica.

99
And the answer is

A) largely diffused throughout the Americas,
although not always in sedentary agricultural
communities.

100

Which of the following does NOT represent a
characteristic of most Indian societies other
than the Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations?
A) strongly kin-based societies
B) wealth as the basis of social ranking
C) communal action and ownership of resources
D) important social and political roles for women
E) highly urbanized populations

101
And the answer is

B) wealth as the basis of social ranking

102

The period of political disorder and chaotic
warfare that followed the Qin-Han era is referred
to as the
A) Warring States era.
B) Era of Division.
C) Jurchen invasion era.
D) Mongol Conquest.
E) Time of Troubles

103
And the answer is

B) Era of Division.

104

Which of the following statements concerning the
situation at the end of the Qin-Han period is
most accurate?
A) Aristocratic families rapidly lost ground to
the growing influence of the scholar-gentry.
B) Non-Chinese nomads ruled much of China and a
foreign religion, Buddhism, eclipsed Confucian
teachings.
C) The central authority of the imperial
government was rapidly reestablished under the
Chou dynasty.
D) Despite the disappearance of imperial unity,
the centralized bureaucracy continued to function
as before in the capital of Beijing.
E) Patterns of life established during the
Qin-Han era faded rapidly.

105
And the answer is

B) Non-Chinese nomads ruled much of China and a
foreign religion, Buddhism, eclipsed Confucian
teachings.

106

The dynasty that ended the period of political
chaos after the fall of the Qin-Han was the
A) Tang.
B) Chou.
C) Song.
D) Sui.
E) Qing.

107
And the answer is

D) Sui.

108

Which of the following statements concerning the
period after the fall of the Han is NOT true?
A) Despite the political chaos, the Great Wall
continued to serve as a barrier to the
penetration of nomadic peoples.
B) Trade and city life declined as the central
government dissipated.
C) With mainly Buddhist exceptions, thought
degenerated into the quest for magical cures.
D) Nomadic peoples raided and conquered across
the north China plain.
E) Chinese technology stagnated during this time.

109
And the answer is

A) Despite the political chaos, the Great Wall
continued to serve as a barrier to the
penetration of nomadic peoples.

110

What made possible the rapid revival of empire
under the Tang?
A) the abandonment of Confucianism in favor of
the more widely practiced Buddhism
B) the brevity of the period of political
dislocation
C) the willingness of the Tang to abandon
traditional approaches to government
D) the preservation in the many kingdoms of the
Confucian traditions that had been central to
Chinese civilization
E) massive grain imports

111
And the answer is

D) the preservation in the many kingdoms of the
Confucian traditions that had been central to
Chinese civilization

112

The man responsible for the creation of the Sui
dynasty was
A) Xuanzong.
B) Yang Guifei.
C) Wendi.
D) Li Yuan.
E) Li Bo.

113
And the answer is

C) Wendi.

114

What made the reunification of China under the
first Sui emperor possible?
A) the support of the nomadic warrior elite
B) the support of the ethnic Chinese aristocracy
C) the support of the Buddhist monasteries
D) the support of the Confucian scholar-gentry
E) the threat of barbarian invasion

115
And the answer is

A) the support of the nomadic warrior elite

116

What was the primary reform enacted during the
reign of the first Sui emperor?
A) the reconstruction of the Confucian
scholar-gentry
B) persecution of the Buddhists
C) the creation of granaries to relieve the
threat of famine
D) the construction of the Grand Canal
E) the destruction of the Great Wall

117
And the answer is

C) the creation of granaries to relieve the
threat of famine

118

Unlike his father, the second Sui emperor
favored
A) the Confucian scholar-gentry.
B) the great Chinese aristocratic families.
C) the Buddhists.
D) nomadic elements in northern China.
E) the Chinese peasants.

119
And the answer is

A) the Confucian scholar-gentry.

120

What led to the downfall of the Sui dynasty?
A) nomadic invasions
B) excessive expenses associated with grandiose
building projects and military campaigns
C) widespread Buddhist rebellion
D) the dissatisfaction of the Confucian
scholar-gentry
E) a deranged emperor

121
And the answer is

B) excessive expenses associated with grandiose
building projects and military campaigns

122

Who was the founder of the Tang dynasty?
A) Yangdi
B) Li Bo
C) Li Yuan
D) Zhao Kuangyin
E) Niu Su
Answer C

123
And the answer is

C) Li Yuan

124

) Which of the following statements concerning
the extent of the Tang empire is most accurate?
A) The Tang extended the empire in all directions
except westward, where the Turks remained
entirely independent of the Chinese emperor.
B) The Tang empire was unable to recover the
territorial extent of the Han, but did recover
northern areas from the nomads.
C) The Tang empire incorporated India and
southeast Asia as well as the areas north of the
Yellow River plain.
D) The Tang built an empire that was far larger
than that of the early Han, an empire whose
boundaries in many directions extended beyond the
borders of modern China.
E) The Tang empire stopped expanding and was
divided into three parts.

125
And the answer is

D) The Tang built an empire that was far larger
than that of the early Han, an empire whose
boundaries in many directions extended beyond the
borders of modern China.

126

What was the attitude of the Tang emperors toward
the Confucian scholar-gentry?
A) The Tang continued to support and patronize
the growth of Buddhism in China at the expense of
the Confucian scholar-gentry.
B) The Tang supported the resuscitation of the
Confucian scholar-gentry, often at the expense of
the aristocracy.
C) The Tang feared the development of the
scholar-gentry and continued to support the
nomadic aristocracy of China.
D) Confucianism continued to wane during the Tang
dynasty and was only resuscitated under the Song.
E) The scholar-gentry declined while the middle
class rose.

127
And the answer is

B) The Tang supported the resuscitation of the
Confucian scholar-gentry, often at the expense of
the aristocracy.

128

What ministry of the central imperial government
was responsible for the administration of the
examination system?
A) Rites
B) Public Works
C) Justice
D) War
E) Education

129
And the answer is

A) Rites

130

The title of jinshi was reserved for those who
A) were members of the
B) served in the Chinese military.
C) were members of the imperial family.
D) passed the most difficult exams on all of
Chinese literature.
E) traced their ancestry back to the Han.

131
And the answer is

D) passed the most difficult exams on all of
Chinese literature.

132

Which of the following statements concerning
entry into the Chinese bureaucracy is most
accurate?
A) Although a higher percentage of candidates
received office through the examination system
than during the Han dynasty, birth continued to
be important in securing high office.
B) Under the Tang family connections ceased to be
of significance, as all candidates received
office based on their score in the examination
system.
C) Although the examination system continued to
be monitored, almost all official received
positions as a result of family connections.
D) The examination system was eliminated during
the Tang dynasty, and only members of the
imperial family served in the bureaucracy.
E) Only candidates in law were judged solely on
their exam scores.

133
And the answer is

A) Although a higher percentage of candidates
received office through the examination system
than during the Han dynasty, birth continued to
be important in securing high office.

134

Members of the elite class of China were more
attracted to what variant of Buddhism?
A) Legalist
B) Pure Land
C) Chan
D) Daoist
E) Xuanzong
Answer C

135
And the answer is

C) Chan

136

Which of the following descriptions of Pure Land
Buddhism is NOT accurate?
A) It was a strain of Mahayana Buddhism.
B) It stressed meditation and the appreciation of
natural and artistic beauty.
C) It appealed to members of the mass of Chinese
commoners.
D) It was a salvationist variant of Buddhism.
E) It offered a refuge from war and turmoil.

137
And the answer is

B) It stressed meditation and the appreciation of
natural and artistic beauty.

138

What Tang ruler actually attempted to have
Buddhism recognized as a state religion?
A) Yangdi
B) Wendi
C) Gaozu
D) Empress Wu
E) Empress Wei

139
And the answer is

D) Empress Wu

140

What proved to be the most damaging attack on
Buddhisms popularity with the people during the
early Tang dynasty?
A) the Buddhists insistence on rebellion against
the emperor
B) the Confucians successful campaign to
convince the emperor that the Buddhist monastic
establishment represented an economic threat
C) the aristocracys concern that the growing
Buddhist monastic establishment was monopolizing
land that otherwise would belong to them
D) the entry of nomadic invaders who were Islamic
during the ninth century
E) the challenge from Daoism

141
And the answer is

B) the Confucians successful campaign to
convince the emperor that the Buddhist monastic
establishment represented an economic threat

142

In what decade did open persecution of Buddhism
within the Chinese empire begin?
A) 720s
B) 790s
C) 840s
D) 910s
E) 850s

143
And the answer is

C) 840s

144

What was the result of the imperial attempt to
suppress Buddhism within the Chinese empire?
A) Despite official attempts to suppress
Buddhism, monastic orders continued to exert
political influence and control landed wealth as
they did in the first decades of Tang rule.
B) Buddhism survived the brief imperial
persecution and was restored as the primary
religion of the state during the Song dynasty.
C) Buddhism survived the repression, but in a
reduced state without the political influence of
the early Tang years.
D) Buddhism was eradicated in China by the end of
the Tang era and replaced by the traditional
Daoist and Confucian beliefs.
E) Buddhism became a sect of minor importance

145
And the answer is

C) Buddhism survived the repression, but in a
reduced state without the political influence of
the early Tang years.

146

What was the impact on Confucianism of the Tang
repression of the Buddhists?
A) Confucianism emerged as the central ideology
of Chinese civilization until the twentieth
century.
B) Confucianism emerged in a strengthened
condition, but still remained behind Buddhism in
the sense of providing a basis for the
intellectual rationale of Chinese civilization.
C) Because Confucian scholar-gentry were
associated with the persecution, Confucianism
failed to generate much popular support outside
the imperial government.
D) Confucianism, like Buddhism, declined in
popularity, and its place was taken by Daoism.
E) Confucianism was blended with Buddhism to form
a new philosophy.

147
And the answer is

A) Confucianism emerged as the central ideology
of Chinese civilization until the twentieth
century.

148

Which of the following was NOT a woman who gained
influence and power during the later years of the
Tang dynasty?
A) Wu
B) Wei
C) Yang Guifei
D) Xuanzong
E) Gaozu

149
And the answer is

D) Xuanzong

150

Which of the following was NOT a problem during
the last years of the Tang dynasty?
A) the revolt of An Lushan
B) the entry of nomads into large areas of the
northern China plain
C) the Huang-chao rebellion
D) a Buddhist rebellion in southern China
E) independent rulers collected their own taxes

151
And the answer is

D) a Buddhist rebellion in southern China

152

Who was the founder of the Song dynasty?
A) Zhao Kuangyin
B) Xuanzong
C) Li Bo, Duke of Song
D) Xi-Xia
E) Taizu

153
And the answer is

A) Zhao Kuangyin

154

The first Song emperor restored the unity of
China EXCEPT for what northern dynasty?
A) Jurchen
B) Silla
C) Liao
D) Hangzhou
E) Jin

155
And the answer is

C) Liao

156

How did the Song empire compare to the Tang?
A) The Song empire was greater in territorial
extent than the Tang empire.
B) The Song empire and the Tang empire were
virtually identical in territorial extent.
C) The Song empire was smaller in territorial
extent than the Tang empire.
D) Although approximately the same size, the Song
empire extended farther north than the Tang.
E) The Song was larger than the Tang and Han.

157
And the answer is

C) The Song empire was smaller in territorial
extent than the Tang empire.

158

What accounts for the relative weakness of the
Song empire?
A) It never succeeded in achieving the degree of
centralization that had typified the Tang
empire.
B) The scholar-gentry quickly lost influence
under the Song, and the bureaucracy ceased to
function effectively.
C) Lack of agricultural productivity produced a
general failure of the Chinese economy during the
Song dynasty.
D) The military was subordinated to the civilian
administrators of the scholar-gentry, leaving the
dynasty vulnerable to nomadic dynasties on the
frontier.
E) The military was weakened by the struggle with
the Buddhists.

159
And the answer is

D) The military was subordinated to the civilian
administrators of the scholar-gentry, leaving the
dynasty vulnerable to nomadic dynasties on the
frontier.

160

Which of the following statements most accurately
describes the position of the scholar gentry
under the Song dynasty?
A) The Confucian scholar-gentry continued to
exist, but the examination system weakened
noticeably causing the imperial bureaucracy to
depend more and more on the aristocracy.
B) The ascendancy of the scholar-gentry over its
aristocratic and Buddhist rivals was fully
secured in the Song era.
C) The Song emperors came to rely increasingly on
the military as defense of the borders placed
less emphasis on the role of intellectual
ideology and more on warfare.
D) The Song continued to rely on the Confucian
scholar-gentry, but more rigorous examination
systems resulted in fewer men entering the civil
service as a result of education.
E) The scholar-gentry attempted to revive
warlordism.

161
And the answer is

B) The ascendancy of the scholar-gentry over its
aristocratic and Buddhist rivals was fully
secured in the Song era.

162

Who was the most prominent of the Neo-Confucians
during the Song era?
A) Li Bo
B) Yang Guifei
C) Hangzhou
D) Zhu Xi
E) Zhao

163
And the answer is

D) Zhu Xi

164

Which of the following was NOT an eventual impact
of the development of Neo-Confucian schools of
thought?
A) hostility to foreign philosophical systems
like Buddhism
B) the stifling of innovation and critical
thinking in favor of traditionalism
C) destruction of the mandarins
D) reinforcement of class, age, and gender
distinctions
E) historical experiences held to be the most
practical guide to life

165
And the answer is

C) destruction of the mandarins

166

Wang Anshi, a prime minister in the 1070s and
1080s attempted to reform Song government on the
basis of what Confucian school of thought?
A) Daoism
B) Shiism
C) Constructionism
D) Legalism
E) Zhao

167
And the answer is

D) Legalism

168

Which of the following was NOT one of the reforms
introduced by Wang Anshin in the face of
conservative opposition?
A) the introduction of government-assisted
irrigation projects to encourage agricultural
expansion
B) taxation of the landlord and scholarly classes
C) the establishment of well-trained mercenary
forces
D) the end of tribute payments to nomadic
dynasties on the northern border
E) reorganization of university education.

169
And the answer is

D) the end of tribute payments to nomadic
dynasties on the northern border

170

What caused the flight of the Song dynasty from
their capital in northern China?
A) the invasions of the Jurchens who had formed
the Qin kingdom
B) the Huang-chao rebellion
C) a rebellion led by a nomadic general, An
Lushan
D) extensive flooding in the Yellow River basin
E) attempted takeover by the Khitans
Answer A

171
And the answer is

A) the invasions of the Jurchens who had formed
the Qin kingdom

172

Why was the construction of the Grand Canal
necessary?
A) Major river systems in China ran from north to
south, and the canal was necessary to connect the
coastal regions with the western frontier.
B) Chinese population was increasingly
concentrated along the northern plains along the
Yangze River.
C) The Yangze River valley was becoming the major
food-producing region of China by the late Tang
era.
D) The canal connected the Tang capitals of
southern ChinaChangan and Loyang with the newly
acquired regions in the north.
E) Peasants moving from the countryside to the
urban areas.

173
And the answer is

C) The Yangze River valley was becoming the major
food-producing region of China by the late Tang
era.

174

Which of the following was NOT an economic
development during the period of commercial
expansion during the Tang and Song dynasties?
A) trade increasingly carried by Chinese ships
and sailors
B) enlarged market quarters found in all cities
and major towns
C) growing sophistication in commercial
organization and forms of credit
D) military domination of the seas
E) a series of technological breakthroughs

175
And the answer is

D) military domination of the seas

176

Which of the following statements concerning
urbanization in China during the Tang-Song era is
most accurate?
A) Chinese urbanization was pronounced in
northern China, but lagged in southern China.
B) The imperial capitals were enormous, but there
were few other Chinese cities of size.
C) The degree of urbanization reached during the
Han dynasty was never achieved during the
Tang-Song era, although some recovery of cities
accompanied the commercial revival.
D) Chinese urbanization mushroomed during the
Tang-Song era with a higher proportion of the
population living in cities than that found in
any other contemporary civilization.
E) Cities were depopulated as people moved back
into the countryside.

177
And the answer is

D) Chinese urbanization mushroomed during the
Tang-Song era with a higher proportion of the
population living in cities than that found in
any other contemporary civilization

178

What was the capital of the southern Song
dynasty?
A) Hangzhou
B) Changan
C) Loyan
D) Beijing
E) Huining

179
And the answer is

A) Hangzhou

180

Which of the following was NOT a result of the
agricultural policies of the Sui and Tang
emperors?
A) numbers of free peasantry increased
B) the scholar-gentry were removed as landlords
C) fortunes of the old aristocratic families
declined
D) lands were distributed more equitably to the
free peasant households of the empire
E) the gentry side of the scholar-gentry came to
dominate the bureaucracy

181
And the answer is

B) the scholar-gentry were removed as landlords

182

Which of the following statements about Chinese
landscape painting is most accurate?
A) Landscape painting was virtually unknown until
after the Mongol invasions.
B) As in the West, landscape painting was the
special skill of the military elite.
C) Members of the ruling political elite in China
produced many of the paintings in the Song era.
D) Song subsidies to foreign painters resulted in
the production of magnificent landscapes.
E) Paintings never conveyed moral messages or
used symbolism.

183
And the answer is

C) Members of the ruling political elite in China
produced many of the paintings in the Song era.

184

In what way did footbinding serve to diminish the
independence of Chinese women by the end of the
Song era?
A) Because footbinding could only be afforded by
the elite, poorer women were assigned to a lower
social status.
B) Footbinding sufficiently crippled women to
effectively confine their mobility to their
household.
C) As footbinding was required in order to
practice certain professions, Chinese women found
that occupational alternatives were diminished.
D) Footbinding, although considered socially
attractive, was condemned by Neo-Confucians who
used the practice as a means of relegating
Chinese women to subordinate roles.
E) Upper-class women considered it high status
and hoarded money to pay for it.

185
And the answer is

B) Footbinding sufficiently crippled women to
effectively confine their mobility to their
household.

186

Which of the following was NOT a technological
innovation of the Tang-Song era?
A) gunpowder
B) abacus
C) paper
D) complex bridges
E) coal used for fuel
Answer C

187
And the answer is

C) paper

188

Which of the following intellectual schools was
responsible for the production of most
literary and artistic works during the Tang-Song
era?
A) Confucian
B) Daoist
C) Pure Land Buddhist
D) Chan Buddhist
E) Legalist

189
And the answer is

A) Confucian

190

What group was responsible for the fall of the
southern Song dynasty in 1279?
A) Jurchens
B) Tanguts
C) Liao
D) Mongols
E) Xi-Xia

191
And the answer is

D) Mongols

192

What was the primary difference between marriages
of the upper and lower classes in Tang-Song
China?
A) In the upper classes, males frequently married
females of a younger generation.
B) Among members of the lower classes marriages
tended to be consummated at an earlier age than
among members of the elite.
C) Members of the elite often married before the
age of puberty.
D) Households of the .lower classes tended not to
be patriarchal.
E) Upper class men rarely married footbound
women.

193
And the answer is

B) Among members of the lower classes marriages
tended to be consummated at an earlier age than
among members of the elite.

194

Which of the following statements concerning the
status of women in the Tang-Song era is most
accurate?
A) Tang-Song law recognized no womens rights.
B) The condition of women in general improved
during the Tang-Song era.
C) The assertion of male dominance within the
family and beyond was especially pronounced in
the thinking of the Neo-Confucian philosophers.
D) The spread of Buddhism provided women with
greater opportunities and career alternatives
within the monastic movement.
E) Women had more rights than ever before.

195
And the answer is

C) The assertion of male dominance within the
family and beyond was especially pronounced in
the thinking of the Neo-Confucian philosophers.

196

What artisan was responsible for the development
of movable type?
A) Li Bo
B) Bi Sheng
C) Gaozu
D) Zhu Xi
E) An Lushan
Answer B

197
And the answer is

B) Bi Sheng

198

The outstanding poet of the Tang era was
A) Li Bo.
B) Bi Sheng.
C) Gaozu.
D) Zhu Xi.
E) Zhao Kuangyin

199
And the answer is

A) Li Bo

200

During the Song dynasty the interest of Confucian
intellectuals in nature was most apparent in
their production of
A) riddles.
B) devotional objects.
C) religious homilies.
D) landscape paintings.
E) sculptures of ideal athletic figures.

201
And the answer is

D) landscape paintings.

202

What regions of Asia were most drawn to Chinese
cultural and political models?
A) the agrarian societies on the east and south
B) the nomadic societies on the north
C) Indianized peoples of Southeast Asia
D) the island societies of the Pacific rim
E) western Islamic provinces

203
And the answer is

A) the agrarian societies on the east and south

204

Which of the following was NOT one of the Asian
satellites of Chinese civilization?
A) Korea
B) Vietnam
C) Thailand
D) Japan
E) Slia

205
And the answer is

C) Thailand

206

When did Japan begin to borrow heavily from
Chinese culture?
A) third century B.C.E.
B) first century B.C.E.
C) second and third centuries C.E.
D) fifth and sixth centuries C.E.
E) sixth and seventh centuries C.E.

207
And the answer is

D) fifth and sixth centuries C.E.

208

What is the name of the nature spirits of Japan?
A) hapu
B) kami
C) hara-kiri
D) genji
E) Heian

209
And the answer is

B) kami

210

What religion played a key role in the
transmission of Chinese civilization to Japan?
A) Buddhism
B) Daoism
C) Islam
D) Christianity
E) Hinduism

211
And the answer is

A) Buddhism

212

In which of the following periods was Chinese
cultural influence NOT significant?
A) Taika
B) Nara
C) Heian
D) Tokugawa
E) Warlord

213
And the answer is

D) Tokugawa

214

What were the reforms enacted in 646 that
intended to thoroughly incorporate Chinese
culture and political structure into Japanese
society?
A) Onin
B) Gempei
C) Taika
D) Yoritomo
E) Heian

215
And the answer is

C) Taika

216

What was the central purpose of the reforms of
646 in Japan?
A) to remake the Japanese monarch into an
absolutist Chinese-style emperor
B) to destroy the Confucian scholar-gentry in
favor of a military aristocracy
C) to increase the power of the Buddhist monastic
structure
D) the destruction of the traditional
peasant-conscript army
E) to decentralize the imperial government

217
And the answer is

A) to remake the Japanese monarch into an
absolutist Chinese-style emperor

218

What group so threatened the security of the
Japanese imperial court in the eighth century
that the imperial family moved to Heian?
A) the aristocracy
B) Buddhist monks
C) the peasantry
D) nomadic invaders from Manchuria
E) the scholar-gentry

219
And the answer is

B) Buddhist monks

220

What was the immediate impact of the imperial
move to Heian?
A) Buddhism ceased to playa major role in
Japanese society.
B) The scholar-gentry was able to assert itself
through the states acceptance of a formal
examination system modeled on the Chinese
bureaucracy.
C) The aristocracy was restored to counterbalance
the power of the Buddhist monasteries and took
over most of the positions in the central
government.
D) Shintoism was formally suppressed following
the marriage of the Empress Koken to a former
monk.
E) the aristocrats gave up positions in the
central government.

221
And the answer is

C) The aristocracy was restored to counterbalance
the power of the Buddhist monasteries and took
over most of the positions in the central
government.

222

What was the military organization of the Heian
government in Japan?
A) The emperor formalized the creation of a
peasant-conscript army on the model of the
Chinese.
B) The emperor accepted the introduction of
Chinese troops as the basis for the Japanese
army.
C) Formal military organization was abandoned
because of the security the emperor perceived
following the defeat of a Chinese navy.
D) Local members of the aristocracy were ordered
to organize militia forces that eventually played
a critical role eroding the control of the
imperial government.
E) Buddhist monasteries depended on the Bushi for
protection.

223
And the answer is

D) Local members of the aristocracy were ordered
to organize militia forces that eventually played
a critical role eroding the control of the
imperial government

224

Life in the imperial court at Heian was described
in what Japanese novel?
A) Ashikage Analects
B) Tale of Genji
C) Mirror of Lady Murasaki
D) Romance of the Rose
E) Essential of Salvation

225
And the answer is

B) Tale of Genji

226

What appears to have been the primary concerns at
the imperial Japanese court at Heian?
A) military exercise
B) science and technology
C) social conventions and original verse
D) commerce
E) interpreting laws

227
And the answer is

C) social conventions and original verse

228

By the middle of the ninth century, what
aristocratic family exerted exceptional influence
over imperial affairs at the Japanese court at
Heian?
A) Minamoto
B) Fujiwara
C) Taira
D) Yoritomo
E) Genshin

229
And the answer is

B) Fujiwara

230

Warrior leaders in the tenth century in Japan who
controlled provincial areas and ruled from small
fortresses in the countryside were called
A) bushi.
B) samurai.
C) kata.
D) seppuku.
E) Gimpei.

231
And the answer is

A) bushi.

232

Which of the following statements concerning the
rise of a provincial military elite during the
tenth century in Japan is NOT correct?
A) Provincial elite families often arose from
local landowners, estate managers, or local state
officials.
B) The provincial elite came to control land and
labor locally and to deny these resources to the
imperial court.
C) The rise of the provincial elite corresponded
to the recovery of the imperial government and
its overthrow of the aristocracy of the court.
D) Within their little kingdoms, warrior leaders
administered law, supervised public works
projects, and collected revenue.
E) Peasant dependants supplied the elites with
food and other necessities.