NUTRITION

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NUTRITION
Unit 7
Obtaining food and breaking it down into a
usable form for cells.
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A.) Introduction
1. There are two basic types of NUTRITION
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
Organisms produce their own food ex.
photosynthesis
HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
Organisms obtain their food from the environment
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2. The process of breaking food down is called
DIGESTION
3. There are two basic types of DIGESTION
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
Food is broken down into smaller pieces
physically. (No Enzymes!!)
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
Food is broken down into end products or building
blocks. (Enzymes Required!!)
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MECHANICAL DIGESTION
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
Carbohydrates (Starch)
Simple Sugars
Proteins
Amino Acids
Fats
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
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4. Some organisms digest the food within their
cells.
This is called Intracellular Digestion
5. Some organisms digest the food outside of
their cells.
This is called Extracellular Digestion
Which do humans have?
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B.) Nutrition in Protists
1. Amoeba - (Heterotrophic)
Ingestion - food is engulfed with pseudopods
Digestion - intracellular within a food vacuole
Egestion - indigestible material exits out
through the plasma membrane
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2. Paramecium - (Heterotrophic)
Ingestion - food enters in through the oral
groove with the help of cilia
Digestion - intracellular within a food vacuole
Egestion - indigestible material exits out
through the anal pore
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3. Euglena - (Heterotrophic Autotrophic)
Ingestion - food is absorbed in through the
plasma membrane
Digestion - intracellular within a food vacuole
Egestion - indigestible material exits out
through the plasma membrane
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C.) Human Digestive System
1. Basic Structure (see diagrams)
2. How is Food Digested? (see handout)
3. How are Nutrients Absorbed? (see handout)
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vP1sDOJM65Bc
http//kitses.com/animation/swfs/digestion.swf
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4. Malfunctions of the Human Digestive System
Ulcers - An ulcer is a sore in the lining of the
stomach OR small intestine.
Caused by an overproduction of
gastric juice.
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Constipation - Feces is very dry and hard
making egestion very
difficult. Lg.
Intestine reabsorbs too much
water. Usually caused by
dehydration
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Diarrhea - Feces is very wet and loose causing
frequent urges of egestion.
Lg. intestine does not absorb
water from the wastes.
There are many causes.
Common cause is an
intestinal pathogen
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Gallstones Tiny cholesterol deposits that
accumulate in the gall
bladder. Stones may
get lodged in the bile
duct causing intense pain.
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Celiac Disease - a condition that damages the
lining of the small intestine and prevents it
from absorbing parts of food that are important
for staying healthy. The damage is due to a
reaction to eating gluten, which is found in
wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats.
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A kidney stone, is a solid, crystal aggregation
formed in the kidneys from dietary minerals in
the urine.
Dehydration, high dietary intake of animal
protein, sodium, refined sugars, fructose, and
high fructose corn syrup increase the risk of
kidney stone formation.
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Gout is a type of arthritis. It occurs when uric
acid builds up in blood and causes inflammation
in the joints.
Gout is caused by having higher-than-normal
levels of uric acid in your body. This may occur
if Your body makes too much uric acid Your body
has a hard time getting rid of uric acid
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D.) Human Endocrine System
1. Regulates internal control of the body.
2. This system is made up of a series of
special glands called ENDOCRINE GLANDS
3. Endocrine Glands release hormones directly
into the bloodstream.
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4. Human Endocrine Glands (see handouts)

5. Hormones are chemical messengers Most
hormones are
PROTEINS
Some hormones are
STEROIDS (lipids)
6. Hormones in the Human Body (see handout)
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E.) Hormones, Receptors, and
Target Cells
1. Because hormones circulate in the blood,
they come in contact with most cells of the
body. BUT, specific hormones only affect
specific cells called
TARGET CELLS
2. A TARGET CELL responds to a hormone
because it bears RECEPTORS for that hormone
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3. 1 Messenger Hormone Mechanisms
vs. 2 Messenger Hormone
Mechanisms (see
handout)
4. Negative Feedback Loops -systems that
regulate the levels of certain chemicals
in the body. (see handout)
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F.) Malfunctions of the Endocrine System
1. Diabetes - Individuals maintain HIGH levels
of glucose in the blood. High blood glucose
levels disrupt homeostasis.
Type 1 Individual does not produce adequate
amounts of INSULIN
Type 2 Individual has defect with their insulin
RECEPTORS on the Liver
2. Goiter Enlarged Thyroid Gland due to iodine
deficiency